Define Self Presentation Tactics.

Self-Presentation Tactics:

Self-presentation tactics refer to the conscious or unconscious strategies individuals employ to shape others' perceptions of themselves. These tactics are used to manage impressions, control information, and influence how one is perceived in social situations.

1. Impression Management:

   • Individuals engage in impression management to control the way others perceive them. This involves strategically presenting oneself to create a specific impression, whether it be likable, competent, or trustworthy.

2. Ingratiation:

   • Ingratiation is a tactic where individuals seek to gain favor or approval by expressing positive attitudes, flattery, or conforming to the expectations of others. It aims to enhance one's likability and social acceptance.

3. Self-Promotion:

   • Self-promotion involves highlighting one's strengths, achievements, or competencies to create a positive image. Individuals may use this tactic to establish credibility, especially in professional settings.

4. Intimidation:

   • Some individuals employ intimidation tactics to create fear or awe, influencing how others perceive them. This can involve displays of power, assertiveness, or dominance.

5. Supplication:

   • Supplication involves presenting oneself as helpless, vulnerable, or in need of assistance. This tactic aims to elicit sympathy, support, or help from others.

6. Self-Verification:

   • Self-verification is a tactic where individuals seek to confirm existing beliefs or perceptions that others hold about them. It involves behaving in ways that align with how others see them.

7. Ingratiation:

   • Ingratiation is a tactic where individuals seek to gain favor or approval by expressing positive attitudes, flattery, or conforming to the expectations of others. It aims to enhance one's likability and social acceptance.

Sources of Errors in Social Cognition:

Social cognition involves how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember information about themselves and others. However, several cognitive biases and errors can influence these processes.

1. Confirmation Bias:

   • Confirmation bias occurs when individuals selectively process information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or expectations, leading to the reinforcement of existing attitudes and judgments.

2. Stereotyping:

   • Stereotyping involves the application of generalized beliefs or assumptions about a group to an individual, influencing perceptions and expectations based on social categories rather than individual characteristics.

3. Fundamental Attribution Error:

   • The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals attribute the behavior of others to internal characteristics (personality traits) rather than considering external situational factors. This bias can lead to misunderstanding others' actions.

4. Self-Serving Bias:

   • The self-serving bias involves attributing positive events to internal factors (personal abilities) but attributing negative events to external factors (situational influences). This bias protects one's self-esteem.

5. Halo Effect:

   • The halo effect occurs when an overall positive impression of a person influences the perception of specific traits or behaviors of that individual. This can lead to an overgeneralized positive evaluation.

6. False Consensus Effect:

   • The false consensus effect involves overestimating the extent to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. This can lead to a biased perception of the social environment.

7. Availability Heuristic:

   • The availability heuristic involves relying on easily accessible information to make judgments, often leading to biased conclusions due to the prominence of certain information in memory.

Understanding these sources of errors in social cognition is crucial for promoting accurate perceptions, reducing biases, and fostering more objective and informed social interactions. By being aware of these tendencies, individuals can work towards more accurate and fair assessments of themselves and others.