Explain Types of learning.
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There are several types of learning, each representing distinct ways individuals acquire new knowledge or skills:
Classical Conditioning: Introduced by Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus. Over time, the stimulus alone can elicit the response.
Operant Conditioning: Proposed by B.F. Skinner, operant conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences. Behaviors leading to positive outcomes are reinforced, while those leading to negative outcomes are discouraged.
Observational Learning: Also known as social learning, this type involves acquiring new behaviors or information by observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments exemplify observational learning.
Insight Learning: Coined by Wolfgang Köhler, insight learning occurs when individuals suddenly grasp a solution to a problem without a gradual process. It involves restructuring existing knowledge to form new insights.
Latent Learning: Proposed by Edward Tolman, latent learning occurs when knowledge is acquired but not immediately evident in behavior. The learning becomes apparent when there is a need or motivation to demonstrate it.
Cognitive Learning: Emphasizing mental processes, cognitive learning involves acquiring knowledge, understanding concepts, and solving problems through thinking, memory, and perception.
Associative Learning: Involves forming connections or associations between stimuli and responses. Both classical and operant conditioning are examples of associative learning.
Habituation and Sensitization: These involve changes in an organism's responsiveness to a stimulus over time. Habituation is a decrease in response to repeated stimuli, while sensitization is an increase in response, often due to novel or intense stimuli.
These various types of learning provide a comprehensive understanding of how individuals adapt and acquire information in different contexts, influencing their behaviors and responses to the environment.