Discuss the controversies relating to the foundation of the Indian National Congress.

The foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 was not without controversies, and several issues arose regarding its objectives, composition, and relationship with the British colonial administration. Some of the key controversies surrounding the foundation of the INC include:

1. Moderates vs. Extremists:
   The INC witnessed internal divisions between the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates, led by leaders like A.O. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee, advocated for constitutional methods and dialogue with the British government to address grievances. On the other hand, the Extremists, including leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai, believed in more assertive methods, including civil disobedience and mass mobilization.

2. Role of A.O. Hume:
   A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, played a pivotal role in the formation of the INC. However, his involvement raised suspicions among some Indian leaders about the true motives behind the establishment of the Congress. Some viewed it as a means to channel and control Indian political aspirations within the limits acceptable to the British colonial authorities.

3. Composition and Representation:
   The initial composition of the INC was criticized for being elitist and not fully representative of the diverse population of India. The early Congress sessions primarily involved English-educated professionals and intellectuals, raising concerns about whether it adequately represented the interests of the masses.

4. Safety Valve Theory:
   The Safety Valve Theory suggested that the British saw the INC as a safety valve to channel discontent and political aspirations in a controlled manner. According to this theory, by providing a platform for political expression within certain limits, the British hoped to avoid more radical and potentially violent movements.

5. British Approval and Support:
   Some critics argued that the INC had gained British approval and support, either directly or indirectly, raising questions about its ability to challenge British colonial rule effectively. The perception that the INC was a moderate and compliant organization fueled skepticism among those who sought more radical and immediate measures against colonial exploitation.

Despite these controversies, the INC played a crucial role in shaping India's path towards independence. Over time, it evolved into a major political force that would lead the country to freedom in 1947. The internal debates within the Congress over methods and goals would continue, reflecting the diverse ideological spectrum within the organization.