Explain Features of Mughal Architecture.

Mughal architecture, characterized by a fusion of Persian, Indian, and Islamic influences, represents a distinctive style that flourished in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal Empire (1526–1857). Several notable features define Mughal architecture:

1. Symmetry and Balance:
   Mughal architecture is known for its emphasis on symmetry and balance in design. Structures are often organized around a central axis, with geometric precision and mirrored patterns contributing to a sense of visual harmony.

2. Use of Red Sandstone and White Marble:
   Prominent materials in Mughal architecture include red sandstone and white marble. The contrast between these materials is exemplified in structures like the Red Fort in Delhi, where red sandstone creates a robust exterior, while white marble adorns intricate details and delicate ornamentation.

3. Bulbous Domes and Minarets:
   Mughal buildings typically feature bulbous domes, often adorned with decorative finials, creating an iconic silhouette. Tall, slender minarets, influenced by Persian architecture, are also common, providing verticality and elegance to the structures.

4. Intricate Ornamentation:
   Elaborate ornamentation is a hallmark of Mughal architecture. Intricate carvings, delicate filigree work, and inlay of semi-precious stones, known as pietra dura, embellish surfaces. The Taj Mahal, an epitome of Mughal architecture, showcases exquisite floral patterns and calligraphy in marble.

5. Chahar Bagh (Four Gardens) Layout:
   Mughal gardens, organized in a quadrilateral layout known as chahar bagh, are a distinctive feature. These gardens are divided into four equal parts by walkways or flowing water channels, creating a serene and ordered environment. The gardens often serve as settings for monumental structures.

6. Integration of Water Features:
   Water features, such as fountains, reflecting pools, and channels, are integral to Mughal architecture. The use of water is both aesthetic and symbolic, representing life, purity, and paradise. The Shalimar Bagh in Srinagar is an example of Mughal garden design incorporating water elements.

7. Large Courtyards and Gateways:
   Mughal structures often have expansive courtyards, providing open spaces around the main buildings. Grand gateways, known as pishtaq, serve as impressive entrances. The Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri exemplifies the monumental scale and ornate design of Mughal gateways.

8. Jali (Lattice) Work:
   Jali, or intricately carved lattice screens, are prevalent in Mughal architecture. These screens serve functional and decorative purposes, allowing ventilation and diffusing natural light while adding a layer of visual complexity to the design.

9. Influence of Persian and Timurid Styles:
   Mughal emperors, particularly Babur and Humayun, brought influences from Persian and Timurid architecture. These influences are evident in the use of certain architectural elements, including the chahar bagh layout and central domes.

Mughal architecture, with its synthesis of diverse influences and meticulous craftsmanship, represents a high point in the history of Indian architecture. The enduring legacy of iconic structures like the Taj Mahal, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort continues to showcase the grandeur and aesthetic sophistication of Mughal architectural achievements.