Write a short note on Realism and Neo-Realism.

Realism and Neo-Realism: Understanding International Relations

Realism:

Realism is a foundational theory in the study of International Relations (IR) that emerged during the interwar period, notably articulated by scholars such as E.H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. Central to realism is the assumption that the international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority to enforce order among sovereign states. States are seen as primary actors driven by self-interest, power, and the pursuit of national security. Realists argue that the struggle for power and the pursuit of national interest are inherent features of international politics.

Realism identifies states as rational actors in a competitive environment, where the primary goal is survival. The balance of power is a key concept within realism, emphasizing the distribution of power among states as a crucial factor in maintaining stability. Realists view military power as a fundamental instrument in statecraft, and the security dilemma – where one state's efforts to enhance security may be perceived as a threat by others – is considered a perpetual challenge.

Neo-Realism:

Neo-realism, also known as structural realism, emerged as a response to the perceived limitations of classical realism. Prominent neo-realist theorists, such as Kenneth Waltz, sought to provide a more systematic and structural understanding of international politics. Neo-realism retains the core realist assumptions but introduces a more structural perspective, focusing on the distribution of capabilities among states.

According to neo-realism, the international system is characterized by anarchy, but the structure of the system itself, rather than the nature of individual states, plays a more significant role in shaping outcomes. The distribution of power – specifically, bipolarity or multipolarity – is a key determinant of state behavior. Neo-realists argue that bipolar systems are more stable, as the two dominant powers can effectively balance against each other, reducing the likelihood of conflict.

While classical realism emphasizes the role of human nature and individual state behavior, neo-realism emphasizes systemic factors. Neo-realists argue that states, irrespective of their internal characteristics, respond to the systemic pressures generated by the distribution of power.

In summary, realism and neo-realism are influential theories in International Relations, sharing the assumption of an anarchic international system where states pursue their interests. Realism focuses on the nature of states as rational actors, while neo-realism introduces a structural perspective, emphasizing the systemic constraints imposed by the distribution of power. Both theories remain central to the study of international politics, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of state interactions in the global arena.