How do you define the Mature Harappan period ? Discuss its chief characteristics with reference to any two sites.

1. Introduction

The Mature Harappan period, also known as the Urban Harappan phase, represents the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) and is characterized by advanced urban planning, sophisticated architecture, and intricate systems of governance. This period is estimated to have spanned from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. In this discussion, we will explore the chief characteristics of the Mature Harappan period, focusing on two prominent sites: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.

2. Urban Planning and Layout

One of the distinctive features of the Mature Harappan period is its well-planned urban centers. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, the two major cities of this era, exhibited remarkable urban planning with well-defined streets and drainage systems. The streets were laid out in a grid pattern, indicating a high level of civic planning and organization. The cities were divided into different sectors, each containing multiple blocks with residential and commercial structures.

3. Architecture and Construction

The architectural achievements of the Mature Harappan period are noteworthy. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa featured impressive structures made of baked bricks, showcasing the technological advancement of the time. The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro is a striking example, believed to have served ritualistic or public bathing purposes. The use of standard-sized bricks and an advanced drainage system in these structures reflects a meticulous approach to construction.

At Harappa, the granary stands out as an architectural marvel. This large building, with its well-thought-out design, suggests advanced knowledge of storage and preservation of food. The construction of such complex structures implies a centralized authority capable of organizing and overseeing large-scale projects.

4. Writing System and Seals

The Mature Harappan period is associated with a script that remains undeciphered to this day. The presence of a writing system is evident from numerous seals discovered at various sites. These seals, typically made of steatite, display intricate carvings and inscriptions. The purpose of this script is still unclear, but it is believed to have been used for administrative or commercial purposes. The consistency in the script across different sites suggests a standardized system of communication within the civilization.

5. Trade and Economic Activities

The Mature Harappan period was marked by extensive trade networks that connected the IVC with other contemporary civilizations. The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa served as major trade hubs, facilitating the exchange of goods such as pottery, metals, and gemstones. The discovery of standardized weights and measures at these sites indicates a well-regulated trade system. The IVC's economic prosperity is further evidenced by the presence of seals depicting various animals, possibly representing a form of branding or trade marks.

6. Decline and Disappearance

The reasons for the decline of the Mature Harappan civilization remain a subject of scholarly debate. Around 1900 BCE, several factors contributed to the gradual abandonment of the urban centers. Climate change, environmental degradation, and the diversion of river courses have been proposed as potential causes. Additionally, evidence of violence and destruction in some areas raises the possibility of external invasions or internal conflicts. The decline of the Mature Harappan period led to the virtual disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization, leaving behind enigmatic ruins that have intrigued archaeologists for centuries.

7. Mohenjo-Daro: A Closer Look

Mohenjo-Daro, one of the most significant sites of the Mature Harappan period, provides unique insights into urban life during this era. The Great Bath, the Assembly Hall, and the impressive residential structures exemplify the city's advanced planning and architectural prowess. The intricate drainage system in Mohenjo-Daro reflects a deep understanding of sanitation and urban hygiene.

8. Harappa: Unraveling the Granary

Harappa, another key city of the Mature Harappan period, is renowned for its well-designed granary. The granary's large storage capacity and strategic location within the city suggest a centralized authority managing the distribution and storage of agricultural surplus. This points towards a sophisticated economic and administrative system in place.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Mature Harappan period represents a zenith in the development of the Indus Valley Civilization. The urban planning, architecture, writing system, and economic activities of this era showcase the remarkable achievements of the people of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. While the decline of the civilization remains shrouded in mystery, the legacy of the Mature Harappan period endures through the archaeological remnants that continue to captivate researchers and enthusiasts alike.