Trace the genesis and growth of social defence policies and programmes.

The genesis and growth of social defense policies and programs can be traced through various historical and social developments. Social defense refers to a set of policies and initiatives aimed at protecting the well-being and safety of the population, particularly in times of crisis or conflict. Here is a brief overview:

1. Post-World War II Period:**

• The devastation caused by World War II prompted a global recognition of the need for social defense policies to safeguard populations from the impacts of war, conflict, and disasters. Nations sought ways to protect civilians and ensure their well-being during and after wartime.

2. Cold War Era:**

• The ideological tensions of the Cold War heightened concerns about the possibility of nuclear warfare. During this period, social defense strategies focused on civil defense measures, including the construction of bomb shelters, emergency preparedness, and public education campaigns on how to respond to potential threats.

3. Natural Disasters and Emergencies:**

• As the understanding of social defense expanded, it began to encompass not only protection from military threats but also responses to natural disasters and emergencies. Governments and organizations started developing policies and programs to mitigate the impact of disasters on communities.

4. Evolution of Social Welfare Policies:**

• The growth of social defense is intertwined with the evolution of social welfare policies. Governments recognized the importance of addressing social issues and vulnerabilities in times of peace to build resilience and minimize the impact of crises. Social defense thus expanded to include measures against poverty, inequality, and other social ills.

5. International Cooperation:**

• The formation of international organizations, such as the United Nations, played a pivotal role in promoting global collaboration on social defense issues. Initiatives such as humanitarian aid, peacekeeping missions, and international disaster response efforts highlighted the importance of collective action.

6. Human Rights Framework:**

• The growth of social defense is also linked to the development of human rights frameworks. Efforts to protect individuals from violence, discrimination, and injustice align with the principles of social defense. International human rights declarations and conventions underscore the commitment to safeguarding the well-being of all individuals.

7. Modern Approaches:**

• In contemporary times, social defense has evolved to encompass a broader range of challenges, including cybersecurity threats, public health emergencies, and environmental crises. Policies and programs now integrate technology, communication strategies, and interdisciplinary approaches to address complex and interconnected risks.

The growth of social defense reflects a proactive approach to protecting communities from various threats. It has shifted from a focus solely on military defense to a more comprehensive and inclusive perspective that considers social, economic, and environmental factors. Ongoing efforts involve adapting policies to the changing nature of risks and challenges faced by societies globally.