Define Non-cartographic outputs.

Non-cartographic outputs refer to the varied forms of information and presentations that do not rely on traditional paper maps but still utilize geographical or spatial data. These outputs are essential in conveying spatial information in digital or multimedia formats, providing a dynamic and interactive way to represent geographic relationships. Several non-cartographic outputs serve diverse purposes, leveraging technology to enhance communication and decision-making processes.

1. Interactive Web Maps:
   With the advent of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, interactive web maps have become a prominent non-cartographic output. These digital maps, accessible through web browsers, allow users to interactively explore spatial data, toggle layers, and access additional information through clicks or hovers. Platforms like Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, and custom web mapping applications exemplify this type of non-cartographic output.

2. Geospatial Dashboards:
   Geospatial dashboards integrate spatial data with key performance indicators (KPIs) to provide a dynamic overview of various metrics. These dashboards often incorporate maps, charts, and graphs to facilitate real-time monitoring and decision-making. They find applications in business intelligence, environmental monitoring, and urban planning.

3. Geovisualization:
   Geovisualization techniques involve the use of dynamic and interactive visual representations of spatial data. These can include 3D visualizations, heatmaps, animations, and virtual reality experiences. Geovisualizations enhance the understanding of complex spatial patterns and trends.

4. Spatial Analysis Outputs:
   Outputs from spatial analysis processes, such as statistical analyses, modeling results, and scenario simulations, are non-cartographic in nature. These outputs often come in the form of tables, graphs, and charts that convey the results of analytical processes applied to spatial data.

5. Augmented Reality (AR) Applications:
   AR applications overlay digital information onto the user's view of the physical world. In the context of non-cartographic outputs, AR can provide spatial information directly in the user's environment, offering a novel way to interact with and interpret geographical data.

6. Data Visualizations:
   Data visualizations, including infographics and thematic visual representations, convey spatial information without relying on traditional cartographic elements. These visualizations may use color-coding, symbols, and graphical elements to communicate patterns and trends within spatial data.

7. Mobile Applications:
   Mobile applications that leverage GPS and location-based services generate non-cartographic outputs, providing users with real-time information tailored to their geographical context. These applications may include location-based services, navigation tools, and augmented reality experiences.

Non-cartographic outputs play a crucial role in modern spatial communication, offering dynamic and interactive ways to present and analyze geographical information. As technology continues to advance, these outputs contribute to more engaging and effective methods of conveying spatial relationships and patterns.