Write a short note on Derivational Suffixes, giving examples wherever necessary.

Derivational suffixes are affixes added to the end of a base word to create a new word with a different meaning or word class (part of speech). These suffixes often change the meaning or grammatical function of the base word. Here's a brief note on derivational suffixes:

1. Purpose and Function: Derivational suffixes are used to form new words by modifying the meaning or grammatical category of the base word. They can transform nouns into verbs, verbs into adjectives, adjectives into nouns, and so on.

2. Examples of Derivational Suffixes:

   • -er/-or: This suffix forms nouns indicating a person who performs an action or holds a particular occupation (e.g., teacher, actor).
   • -ize/-ise: This suffix forms verbs meaning "to make" or "to become" (e.g., realize, specialize).
   • -tion/-sion: This suffix forms nouns from verbs, indicating an action, process, or state (e.g., exploration, discussion).
   • -ful: This suffix forms adjectives meaning "full of" or "characterized by" (e.g., joyful, helpful).
   • -ness: This suffix forms nouns indicating a state or quality (e.g., happiness, kindness).
   • -able/-ible: This suffix forms adjectives indicating capability or possibility (e.g., comfortable, visible).
   • -ly: This suffix forms adverbs from adjectives (e.g., quickly, happily).

3. Effects on Word Meaning and Usage: Derivational suffixes can significantly alter the meaning of a base word. For example, adding "-er" to "teach" forms "teacher," changing the noun to denote a person who teaches. Similarly, adding "-ize" to "real" forms "realize," changing the verb to mean to become aware of something.

4. Productivity and Flexibility: Derivational suffixes are productive in English, meaning they can be freely applied to many base words to create new words. However, not all combinations of base words and derivational suffixes are acceptable or commonly used.

In summary, derivational suffixes play a crucial role in word formation and expanding vocabulary in English. They enable speakers and writers to create new words and adapt existing words to convey precise meanings or grammatical functions. Understanding derivational suffixes enhances language proficiency and enriches communication by providing tools to express diverse ideas and concepts.