Discuss the administration of the state during the Pandyan times.

The administration of the Pandyan kingdom during ancient and medieval times in South India was characterized by a well-organized administrative system that supported governance, trade, agriculture, and cultural development. The Pandyas, one of the ancient Tamil dynasties, ruled over significant parts of present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala, leaving behind a legacy of administrative innovation and cultural patronage. Here's a detailed discussion on the administration of the state during the Pandyan times:

Political Organization and Monarchical Rule:
The Pandyan kingdom was ruled by hereditary monarchs (kings) who exercised centralized authority over the kingdom. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom shifted over time, with Madurai emerging as a prominent center of political and cultural activity under the Pandyas. The king (Pandya) was assisted by a council of ministers and officials who managed different aspects of administration.

Administrative Divisions:
The Pandyan kingdom was divided into administrative units known as Nadu, which were further subdivided into smaller units called Kurrams or Valanadus. Each Nadu was governed by a Naduvalan, who acted as the chief administrator responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing local affairs. The Kurrams were managed by local chiefs (Kurranayakar) who reported to the Naduvalan.

Revenue Administration:
The Pandyan administration relied heavily on revenue collected from agriculture, trade, and local industries. Land revenue was a primary source of income, and the kingdom maintained detailed land records (veli) to assess taxes based on agricultural productivity. The revenue department (Kani or Kanakku) was responsible for tax assessment, collection, and management of state finances.

Justice and Legal System:
The Pandyan kings upheld a system of justice based on Dharma Sastras (Hindu legal codes) and customary laws. They appointed officials known as Dharmakartas or Nyayakartas to administer justice and resolve disputes at the local level. The legal system emphasized fair trial, arbitration, and adherence to moral and ethical principles.

Trade and Commerce:
The Pandyan kingdom was strategically located on ancient trade routes that connected South India with the Roman Empire, Southeast Asia, and the Arab world. Ports such as Korkai, Musiri, and Tondi facilitated maritime trade in spices, pearls, textiles, and other commodities. The Pandyan rulers encouraged trade by maintaining a stable economy, providing security to merchants, and investing in port infrastructure.

Cultural and Religious Patronage:
The Pandyas were great patrons of Tamil literature, art, and temple architecture. They supported the development of Sangam literature, which flourished during the early Pandyan period. The construction of elaborate temples, such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, reflects the architectural and cultural achievements of the Pandyas. The kingdom also witnessed the growth of Bhakti movement, with poets like Nakkirar and Nammazhvar contributing to devotional literature.

Military Organization:
The Pandyan kings maintained a well-trained military force comprising infantry, cavalry, and elephants. They defended the kingdom against external invasions and internal rebellions, often forming alliances with neighboring kingdoms to strengthen their military capabilities.

Legacy and Decline:
The Pandyan administration reached its zenith during the medieval period, but the kingdom gradually weakened due to invasions by the Cholas, Cheras, and later the Delhi Sultanate. The decline of the Pandyan kingdom led to the emergence of smaller Tamil kingdoms and the eventual domination of South India by the Vijayanagara Empire.

In conclusion, the administration of the state during the Pandyan times reflects a period of political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural vibrancy in ancient and medieval South India. The Pandyan rulers' emphasis on effective governance, trade, justice, and cultural patronage contributed to the enduring legacy of Tamil civilization and its impact on the history of the Indian subcontinent.