Define retrospective conversion. Discuss its need and historical background.

Retrospective conversion is the process of converting existing manual library catalog records into machine-readable form, typically using library automation systems such as integrated library systems (ILS) or library management systems (LMS). This process involves converting bibliographic information, including titles, authors, subjects, and other cataloging data, from a manual format, such as card catalogs or paper records, into electronic records that can be accessed and managed digitally.

Need for Retrospective Conversion:

1. Improved Access: Retrospective conversion improves access to library collections by making catalog records searchable and accessible online. This allows users to search for and retrieve library materials more easily and efficiently.

2. Efficiency: Manual cataloging processes are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Retrospective conversion automates the cataloging process, saving time and resources and allowing library staff to focus on other tasks.

3. Integration: Retrospective conversion allows library catalog records to be integrated with other library systems, such as circulation and acquisitions, creating a more seamless and integrated library management environment.

4. Standardization: Retrospective conversion helps standardize cataloging practices and data formats, ensuring consistency and accuracy in bibliographic records.

5. Preservation: Converting manual catalog records into digital format helps preserve valuable bibliographic information and prevents deterioration of physical catalog materials.

Historical Background:

The need for retrospective conversion arose with the advent of computer technology and automation in libraries. Prior to the digital age, library cataloging was done manually, with catalogers creating and maintaining card catalogs or paper-based records of library holdings. As libraries began to adopt automated systems in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a need to convert existing manual catalog records into machine-readable form to take advantage of the new technology.

The process of retrospective conversion was initially slow and labor-intensive, as catalog records had to be manually entered into the computer system. However, with advances in technology, such as optical character recognition (OCR) and data conversion software, the process became more efficient and cost-effective. Today, many libraries have completed the retrospective conversion of their catalog records, allowing for seamless access to library collections in digital format.