What is neo-realism? How do the Neo–realists explain European integration?

Neo-realism, also known as structural realism, is a theoretical approach in international relations that seeks to explain the behavior of states and the dynamics of the international system. Developed primarily by scholars such as Kenneth Waltz, neo-realism emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system, the distribution of power among states, and the constraints imposed by the structure of the system on state behavior. Neo-realism contrasts with classical realism by focusing more on systemic factors rather than individual state characteristics or domestic politics.

Key tenets of neo-realism include:

1. Anarchy: Neo-realists argue that the international system is characterized by anarchy, meaning that there is no overarching authority or central government to enforce rules or regulate state behavior. In the absence of a higher authority, states must rely on self-help and pursue their own interests in a competitive and uncertain environment.

2. Distribution of Power: Neo-realists emphasize the distribution of power among states as a central determinant of international politics. Power is typically measured in terms of military capabilities, economic resources, and geopolitical influence. States seek to maximize their power relative to other states to ensure their security and survival in the anarchic international system.

3. Balance of Power: Neo-realists argue that states engage in balancing behavior to maintain stability and security in the international system. Balancing involves efforts to counteract the power of potential threats through alliances, military buildups, and diplomatic maneuvers. States seek to prevent the emergence of a dominant hegemon that could threaten their security and disrupt the balance of power.

4. Security Dilemma: Neo-realists highlight the security dilemma as a fundamental challenge in international relations. The pursuit of security by one state can inadvertently lead to insecurity for other states, as defensive actions may be perceived as offensive threats. This dilemma can escalate tensions, increase mistrust, and trigger arms races among states, heightening the risk of conflict.

5. Rationality and Self-interest: Neo-realists assume that states are rational actors that prioritize their own interests and seek to maximize their power and security in the international system. States engage in cost-benefit calculations and strategic calculations to advance their objectives and protect their sovereignty.

When it comes to explaining European integration, neo-realists offer a systemic perspective that focuses on the interplay of power dynamics and strategic considerations among European states. Neo-realists view European integration as a response to the anarchic nature of the international system and the security challenges posed by great power competition. Several key points illustrate how neo-realists explain European integration:

1. Security Motivations: Neo-realists argue that European integration was driven primarily by security concerns in the aftermath of World War II. The devastation of the war and the perceived threat of Soviet expansionism prompted European states to seek ways to enhance their security and stability through closer cooperation and integration.

2. Balance of Power: Neo-realists emphasize the role of the balance of power in shaping European integration. As European states sought to prevent the emergence of a dominant hegemon on the continent, they pursued integration as a means to balance power and strengthen collective security against external threats.

3. Institutional Design: Neo-realists view the institutional design of European integration, such as the creation of supranational institutions like the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), as mechanisms to manage power relations among European states and facilitate cooperation in key policy areas.

4. Security Community: Neo-realists argue that European integration has contributed to the development of a security community in Europe, characterized by mutual trust, cooperation, and shared norms of behavior among member states. By deepening economic interdependence and institutionalizing mechanisms for conflict resolution, European integration has reduced the likelihood of conflict and enhanced stability in the region.

Overall, neo-realists explain European integration as a rational response by states to the anarchic nature of the international system and the imperatives of security and survival. By pooling sovereignty, creating supranational institutions, and promoting collective security, European states have sought to manage power relations, mitigate security threats, and enhance their influence in the international arena.