Write a short note on describe the Altman system and the Lyman and Scott system for classification of territoriality.

The Altman system and the Lyman and Scott system are two classification systems used to categorize different types of territorial behavior observed in humans and animals.

The Altman system, developed by environmental psychologist Irwin Altman, categorizes territorial behavior based on the degree of control individuals exert over a territory and their level of investment in defending it. Altman identified four types of territoriality:

1. Dominance Territory: In dominance territories, individuals establish control over a territory primarily through aggressive behaviors and displays of dominance. The territory serves as a symbol of status and dominance within social hierarchies.

2. Home Range: Home ranges are areas where individuals engage in routine activities such as foraging, mating, and sheltering. Unlike dominance territories, home ranges are not actively defended against intruders but are instead used by individuals and groups for resource exploitation.

3. Territorial Encounter: Territorial encounters occur when individuals or groups come into contact with each other's territories. These encounters may involve aggressive displays, vocalizations, or ritualized behaviors aimed at asserting dominance or defending territory boundaries.

4. Personal Space: Personal space refers to the immediate area surrounding an individual's body that they consider private and seek to control. Personal space is not typically defended against intruders but may be violated in certain social situations.

In contrast, the Lyman and Scott system, developed by sociologists Marvin B. Scott and Stanford M. Lyman, focuses on the social dynamics and symbolic meanings associated with territorial behavior. Lyman and Scott identified three types of territoriality:

1. Public Territories: Public territories are open spaces accessible to all members of a community or society. Examples include parks, sidewalks, and public plazas. Public territories serve as neutral or shared spaces where individuals interact and engage in social activities.

2. Interactional Territories: Interactional territories are semi-public or semi-private spaces where individuals engage in specific social activities or interactions. Examples include classrooms, conference rooms, and restaurant tables. Interactional territories are defined by social norms and rules governing behavior within the space.

3. Home Territories: Home territories are private spaces owned or controlled by individuals or groups. Examples include homes, apartments, and personal offices. Home territories serve as havens of privacy, comfort, and security, where individuals can relax and engage in intimate social interactions.

Both classification systems provide valuable frameworks for understanding the diverse forms and functions of territorial behavior in human and animal societies, shedding light on the social, psychological, and ecological factors that shape territorial dynamics.