Describe signs and symptoms of pregnancy.

Pregnancy brings about various physical and hormonal changes in a woman's body, leading to a range of signs and symptoms that can indicate the presence of pregnancy. While not all women experience the same symptoms, some common signs of pregnancy include:

1. Missed Period: This is often the first sign of pregnancy and occurs when the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterine lining, preventing menstruation. However, some women may experience light spotting or irregular bleeding, known as implantation bleeding, instead of a missed period.

2. Breast Changes: Hormonal fluctuations in pregnancy can cause breast tenderness, swelling, and enlargement. The nipples may also darken in color and become more sensitive. These changes occur in preparation for breastfeeding.

3. Nausea and Vomiting: Morning sickness, characterized by nausea and vomiting, is a common early sign of pregnancy, typically occurring during the first trimester. However, some women may experience nausea throughout their pregnancy, and it can occur at any time of the day.

4. Fatigue: Increased levels of the hormone progesterone can lead to feelings of fatigue and exhaustion, especially during the first trimester. This is the body's way of conserving energy to support the developing fetus.

5. Frequent Urination: Hormonal changes and increased blood flow to the kidneys can cause pregnant women to urinate more frequently than usual. This symptom is particularly common in the early and late stages of pregnancy.

6. Food Cravings and Aversions: Changes in taste and smell can lead to food cravings or aversions to certain foods. These cravings and aversions are often more pronounced during the first trimester but can persist throughout pregnancy.

7. Mood Swings: Hormonal fluctuations in pregnancy can affect neurotransmitter levels in the brain, leading to mood swings, irritability, and emotional sensitivity. These emotional changes are common and usually temporary.

8. Bloating and Constipation: Hormonal changes can slow down digestion, leading to bloating, gas, and constipation. These gastrointestinal symptoms are common in pregnancy, especially during the first trimester.

9. Heightened Sense of Smell: Some pregnant women may experience a heightened sense of smell, making them more sensitive to certain odors. This symptom can contribute to food aversions and nausea.

10. Increased Basal Body Temperature: Some women may notice a slight increase in their basal body temperature (BBT) during early pregnancy. This is due to hormonal changes and can be detected using a basal body thermometer.

It's important to note that while these signs and symptoms are common in pregnancy, they can also occur due to other factors such as stress, illness, or hormonal fluctuations unrelated to pregnancy. A pregnancy test and consultation with a healthcare provider are necessary to confirm pregnancy and receive appropriate prenatal care.