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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 19, 2024In:

What are Linux’s technical features? Talk about its modules and kernel.

IGNOUMLI-001
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    1. Introduction Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel that serves as the foundation for various Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS. Known for its stability, security, and flexibility, Linux has become a popular choice for servers, embedded systems, and personalRead more

    1. Introduction

    Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel that serves as the foundation for various Linux distributions, such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS. Known for its stability, security, and flexibility, Linux has become a popular choice for servers, embedded systems, and personal computers. In this discussion, we will explore the technical features of Linux, with a focus on its kernel and modules.

    2. Linux Kernel

    The Linux kernel is the core component of the Linux operating system that manages system resources, such as memory, processes, devices, and file systems. It provides the necessary abstraction layer between hardware and software, allowing applications to interact with the underlying hardware without needing to know the specific details of each device.

    2.1. Features of the Linux Kernel

    • Monolithic Architecture: The Linux kernel follows a monolithic architecture, meaning that it contains all the essential components of the operating system, such as device drivers, file systems, and the process scheduler, within a single executable binary.

    • Multiuser and Multitasking Support: Linux supports multiple users and allows multiple processes to run concurrently, providing a robust multitasking environment.

    • Virtual Memory: Linux uses virtual memory to manage memory efficiently, allowing processes to use more memory than physically available by swapping data to disk when necessary.

    • Device Drivers: The Linux kernel includes a wide range of device drivers that allow it to support a variety of hardware devices, including processors, storage devices, network interfaces, and input/output devices.

    • File Systems: Linux supports a variety of file systems, including ext4, XFS, and Btrfs, allowing users to choose the most suitable file system for their needs.

    • Networking Support: Linux provides comprehensive networking support, including protocols such as TCP/IP, UDP, and IPv6, making it an ideal choice for networking applications.

    3. Linux Kernel Modules

    Linux kernel modules are pieces of code that can be dynamically loaded and unloaded into the running kernel to add new functionality or device support without the need to reboot the system. Kernel modules allow developers to extend the functionality of the Linux kernel without modifying the core kernel source code.

    3.1. Features of Linux Kernel Modules

    • Dynamic Loading: Kernel modules can be loaded and unloaded dynamically, allowing users to add or remove functionality as needed without interrupting system operation.

    • Device Support: Kernel modules are commonly used to add support for new hardware devices, such as graphics cards, network adapters, and storage controllers, without requiring a kernel recompile.

    • File Systems: Linux kernel modules can also be used to add support for new file systems, allowing users to access data stored on different types of storage devices.

    • Security: Kernel modules can be restricted to only load from trusted sources, ensuring that only verified code is executed in the kernel environment.

    4. Conclusion

    Linux is a powerful and versatile operating system that offers a wide range of features and capabilities. Its kernel provides a solid foundation for building reliable and efficient systems, while its support for kernel modules allows for flexibility and extensibility. Overall, Linux's technical features, including its kernel and modules, make it a popular choice for a variety of computing environments, from embedded systems to enterprise servers.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 12, 2024In:

Explain Rousseau’s critique of civil society.

MPSE-003
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, is known for his critique of civil society and the effects of civilization on human nature and freedom. Rousseau's critique is articulated primarily in his work "The Social Contract" and "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of InRead more

    Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an Enlightenment philosopher, is known for his critique of civil society and the effects of civilization on human nature and freedom. Rousseau's critique is articulated primarily in his work "The Social Contract" and "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men."

    Loss of Natural Freedom:
    Rousseau argues that civil society, characterized by the establishment of private property, inequality, and political institutions, leads to the erosion of natural freedom. In his view, human beings are inherently free and equal in the state of nature, but the development of private property and social hierarchies introduces artificial constraints on liberty. Rousseau criticizes the modern state for imposing laws and norms that restrict individual autonomy and promote inequality.

    Corruption of Virtue and Morality:
    Rousseau believes that civil society corrupts human virtue and morality. As societies become more complex and hierarchical, individuals become alienated from their natural inclinations and are driven by selfish interests and ambition. Rousseau laments the loss of moral simplicity and authenticity that characterized human relationships in the state of nature, contrasting it with the artificiality and corruption of civilized society.

    Critique of Inequality:
    Rousseau critiques the inequalities produced by civil society, including economic disparities and political oppression. He argues that private property, commerce, and social institutions perpetuate unjust hierarchies that benefit the few at the expense of the many. Rousseau contends that true freedom and equality can only be achieved through a collective commitment to the common good and the establishment of a just social contract based on popular sovereignty.

    Call for Return to Nature:
    Rousseau's critique of civil society is accompanied by a call for a return to nature and simplicity. He advocates for a more egalitarian and participatory form of political organization that prioritizes the general will over individual interests. Rousseau's vision of the ideal society involves a decentralized, direct democracy where citizens actively participate in decision-making and collectively pursue the common good.

    In summary, Rousseau's critique of civil society highlights the alienating and corrupting effects of modern civilization on human nature and freedom. His ideas have influenced discussions of social justice, democracy, and the relationship between individual autonomy and collective responsibility in modern political theory.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 12, 2024In:

Explain Pakistan Demand and its Consequences.

MHI-09
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    The demand for Pakistan emerged as a significant political movement in British India during the early to mid-20th century, primarily led by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The demand for a separate Muslim-majority nation was based on perceived concerns aboutRead more

    The demand for Pakistan emerged as a significant political movement in British India during the early to mid-20th century, primarily led by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The demand for a separate Muslim-majority nation was based on perceived concerns about the political and cultural rights of Muslims within a predominantly Hindu-majority India. Here's an explanation of the Pakistan demand and its consequences:

    1. Political Context:
      The Pakistan demand gained momentum in response to growing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in British India. Muslims feared marginalization and domination by the Hindu majority in a unified Indian state.

    2. Two-Nation Theory:
      The Pakistan demand was rooted in the Two-Nation Theory, articulated by Jinnah, which posited that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations with separate religious, cultural, and political identities. This theory advocated for the creation of separate Muslim-majority states to protect Muslim interests.

    3. Lahore Resolution (1940):
      The Lahore Resolution, passed by the All-India Muslim League in 1940, formally demanded the creation of "independent states" for Muslims in northwestern and eastern regions of India where they were in a majority. This resolution laid the groundwork for the eventual partition of India.

    4. Consequences of Partition:
      The demand for Pakistan had profound consequences for British India and the Indian subcontinent as a whole:

      • Partition of India: The Pakistan demand ultimately led to the partition of British India into two separate nations – India and Pakistan – in 1947. Pakistan consisted of two geographically separate regions, West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

      • Mass Migration and Violence: The partition resulted in widespread communal violence and forced migration of millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the newly created borders. The violence and displacement led to immense human suffering and loss of life.

      • Political Realignment: The creation of Pakistan marked a significant shift in the political landscape of the Indian subcontinent, with India becoming a predominantly Hindu-majority secular state and Pakistan emerging as a Muslim-majority nation.

      • Legacy of Communal Tensions: The partition left a legacy of deep-seated communal tensions and unresolved issues between India and Pakistan, including territorial disputes and conflicts over Kashmir.

    In summary, the Pakistan demand and its subsequent partition of British India had far-reaching consequences, shaping the political, social, and cultural landscape of the Indian subcontinent. While Pakistan achieved independence as a separate nation for Muslims, the partition also resulted in significant human suffering and enduring geopolitical challenges that continue to impact the region to this day.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

If \(\mathrm{a}^{2}-4 \mathrm{a}-1=0, \mathrm{a} \neq 0\), then the value of \(\mathrm{a}^{2}+3 \mathrm{a}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{a}^{2}}-\frac{3}{\mathrm{a}}\) is (a) 24 (b) 26 (c) 28 (d) 30

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Given \[ \begin{aligned} & a^2-4 a-1=0 \\ & a^2-4 a=1 \\ & a(a-4)=1 \\ & a-4=\frac{1}{a} \\ & a-\frac{1}{a}=4 \end{aligned} \] We have \(\mathrm{a}^2+3 \mathrm{a}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{a}^2}-\frac{3}{\mathrm{a}}\) \[ \begin{aligned} & \left(a^2+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)+3\left(a-\frac{Read more

    Given

    \[
    \begin{aligned}
    & a^2-4 a-1=0 \\
    & a^2-4 a=1 \\
    & a(a-4)=1 \\
    & a-4=\frac{1}{a} \\
    & a-\frac{1}{a}=4
    \end{aligned}
    \]

    We have \(\mathrm{a}^2+3 \mathrm{a}+\frac{1}{\mathrm{a}^2}-\frac{3}{\mathrm{a}}\)
    \[
    \begin{aligned}
    & \left(a^2+\frac{1}{a^2}\right)+3\left(a-\frac{1}{a}\right) \\
    & \left(a-\frac{1}{a}\right)^2+3\left(a-\frac{1}{a}\right)+2 \\
    & 4^2+3 \times 4+2=30
    \end{aligned}
    \]

    Therefore, Correct option is (d).

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

If \(x=3+2 \sqrt{2}\), then the value of \(\left(\sqrt{x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right)\) is (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) \(2 \sqrt{2}\) (d) \(3 \sqrt{3}\)

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Given \[ \begin{aligned} & x=3+2 \sqrt{2} \\ & x=2+1+2 \sqrt{2} \\ & x=(\sqrt{2})^2+(1)^2+2.1 \cdot \sqrt{2} \\ & x=(\sqrt{2}+1)^2 \\ & \sqrt{x}=(\sqrt{2}+1) \\ & \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+1} \times \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}-1}=\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2-1}=\sqrt{2}-1 \eRead more

    Given

    \[
    \begin{aligned}
    & x=3+2 \sqrt{2} \\
    & x=2+1+2 \sqrt{2} \\
    & x=(\sqrt{2})^2+(1)^2+2.1 \cdot \sqrt{2} \\
    & x=(\sqrt{2}+1)^2 \\
    & \sqrt{x}=(\sqrt{2}+1) \\
    & \frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+1} \times \frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{\sqrt{2}-1}=\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2-1}=\sqrt{2}-1
    \end{aligned}
    \]

    Now, \(\sqrt{x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}=\sqrt{2}+1-(\sqrt{2}-1)=\sqrt{2}+1-\sqrt{2}+1\)
    \[
    \sqrt{x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}=2
    \]

    Therefore, Correct option is 2.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

With a two digit prime number, if 18 is added, we get another prime number with digits reversed. How many such numbers are possible? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Let the number be \(10 x+y\). According to condition \[ \begin{aligned} & 10 x+y+18=10 y+x \\ & y-x=2 \end{aligned} \] Numbers which are satisfying this equation \(02,13,24,35,46,57,68,79,80\) where 13 and 79 are prime numbers. Therefore, Correct option is (a) 2.

    Let the number be \(10 x+y\).
    According to condition
    \[
    \begin{aligned}
    & 10 x+y+18=10 y+x \\
    & y-x=2
    \end{aligned}
    \]

    Numbers which are satisfying this equation \(02,13,24,35,46,57,68,79,80\) where 13 and 79 are prime numbers.

    Therefore, Correct option is (a) 2.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

Rachita enters a shop to buy ice-creams, cookies and pastries. She has to buy atleast 9 units of each. She buys more cookies than ice-creams and more pastries than cookies. She picks up a total of 32 items. How many ...

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Solution To solve this, let's denote: \(I\) for ice-creams, \(C\) for cookies, and \(P\) for pastries. Given conditions are: \(I \geq 9\), \(C \geq 9\), \(P \geq 9\), \(C > I\), \(P > C\), \(I + C + P = 32\). Since Rachita buys a minimum of 9 units of each item, the smallest numbers she can buRead more

    Solution

    To solve this, let’s denote:

    • \(I\) for ice-creams,
    • \(C\) for cookies, and
    • \(P\) for pastries.

    Given conditions are:

    • \(I \geq 9\),
    • \(C \geq 9\),
    • \(P \geq 9\),
    • \(C > I\),
    • \(P > C\),
    • \(I + C + P = 32\).

    Since Rachita buys a minimum of 9 units of each item, the smallest numbers she can buy, respecting the given conditions (\(C > I\) and \(P > C\)), are:

    • \(I = 9\),
    • \(C > 9\),
    • \(P > C\).

    Given \(I + C + P = 32\) and \(I = 9\), we have:

    • \(9 + C + P = 32\),
    • \(C + P = 23\).

    To satisfy \(C > I\) and \(P > C\) with the least numbers:

    • If \(C = 9\), then \(P\) cannot be equal to \(9\) since \(P > C\), contradicting \(C > I\).
    • \(C\) must be more than 9, so the next possible value is \(C = 10\) or higher, and \(P\) must be higher than \(C\).

    Let’s examine the possible combinations under these constraints:

    • If \(C = 10\), then \(P = 13\) (since \(P > C\) and they must sum to 23), which satisfies all conditions.
    • If \(C = 11\), then \(P = 12\) (still satisfies \(P > C\)), which also meets all requirements.

    Therefore, based on the constraints and the need for \(C\) to be more than \(I\) and \(P\) to be more than \(C\), Rachita can buy either 10 or 11 cookies to keep the total count to 32 while adhering to all given conditions.

    The correct answer is (c) Either 10 or 11.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

Seema bought 20 pens, 8 packets of wax colours, 6 calculators and 7 pencil boxes. The price of one pen is \(₹ 7\), one packet of wax colour is ₹ 22 , one calculator is \(₹ 175\) and one pencil ...

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Solution To find the total amount Seema paid to the shopkeeper, we calculate the total cost of each item type and then sum these costs. Cost of Pens There are 20 pens at ₹7 each, so the total cost for pens is: \[ 20 \times 7 = ₹140 \] Cost of Wax Colours There are 8 packets of wax colours at ₹22 eacRead more

    Solution

    To find the total amount Seema paid to the shopkeeper, we calculate the total cost of each item type and then sum these costs.

    Cost of Pens

    There are 20 pens at ₹7 each, so the total cost for pens is:

    \[
    20 \times 7 = ₹140
    \]

    Cost of Wax Colours

    There are 8 packets of wax colours at ₹22 each, so the total cost for wax colours is:

    \[
    8 \times 22 = ₹176
    \]

    Cost of Calculators

    There are 6 calculators at ₹175 each, so the total cost for calculators is:

    \[
    6 \times 175 = ₹1050
    \]

    Cost of Pencil Boxes

    The price of one pencil box is ₹14 more than the combined price of one pen and one packet of wax colours. Therefore, the price of one pencil box is:

    \[
    7 (pen) + 22 (wax colour) + 14 = ₹43
    \]

    Since there are 7 pencil boxes, the total cost for pencil boxes is:

    \[
    7 \times 43 = ₹301
    \]

    Total Amount Paid

    Adding up all the costs:

    \[
    140 (pens) + 176 (wax colours) + 1050 (calculators) + 301 (pencil boxes) = ₹1667
    \]

    Therefore, Seema paid a total of ₹1667 to the shopkeeper.

    The correct answer is (c) ₹1,667.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

An employer pays ₹20 for each day a works, and forfeits ₹ 3 for each day he is idle. At the end of 60 days, a worker gets ₹280. For how many days did the worker remain idle? (a) 28

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Solution To solve this problem, let's denote: \(x\) as the number of days the worker worked. \(y\) as the number of days the worker remained idle. Given: The worker is paid ₹20 for each day worked. The worker forfeits ₹3 for each day idle. The total number of days is 60, so \(x + y = 60\). The totalRead more

    Solution

    To solve this problem, let’s denote:

    • \(x\) as the number of days the worker worked.
    • \(y\) as the number of days the worker remained idle.

    Given:

    • The worker is paid ₹20 for each day worked.
    • The worker forfeits ₹3 for each day idle.
    • The total number of days is 60, so \(x + y = 60\).
    • The total amount paid to the worker is ₹280.

    The total amount earned for working \(x\) days and the amount forfeited for \(y\) idle days can be represented as:

    \[
    20x – 3y = 280
    \]

    Since \(x + y = 60\), we can express \(y\) in terms of \(x\):

    \[
    y = 60 – x
    \]

    Substituting \(y\) in the equation for the total amount gives us:

    \[
    20x – 3(60 – x) = 280
    \]

    Simplifying this equation to find \(x\):

    \[
    20x – 180 + 3x = 280
    \]

    \[
    23x = 460
    \]

    \[
    x = 20
    \]

    Since \(x + y = 60\), and we now know \(x = 20\), we can find \(y\):

    \[
    20 + y = 60
    \]

    \[
    y = 40
    \]

    Therefore, the worker remained idle for 40 days.

    The correct answer is (b) 40.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: April 7, 2024In:

If \(\frac{2 x}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{x}{1-x}}}=1\), then find the value of \(x\). (a) \(\frac{2}{3}\) (b) \(\frac{3}{2}\) (c) 2 (d) \(\frac{1}{2}\)

SSC CGLSSC Maths Practice Questions with Solution
  1. Abstract Classes Power Elite Author

    Solution To find the value of \(x\) given the equation \(\frac{2 x}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{x}{1-x}}}=1\), we can start by simplifying the complex fraction: \[ \frac{2x}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{1 - x}}} = 1 \] Step 1: Simplify the Innermost Fraction First, simplify the fraction inside: \[ 1 + \frac{x}{Read more

    Solution

    To find the value of \(x\) given the equation \(\frac{2 x}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{x}{1-x}}}=1\), we can start by simplifying the complex fraction:

    \[
    \frac{2x}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{x}{1 – x}}} = 1
    \]

    Step 1: Simplify the Innermost Fraction

    First, simplify the fraction inside:

    \[
    1 + \frac{x}{1 – x}
    \]

    Getting a common denominator:

    \[
    \frac{1 – x + x}{1 – x} = \frac{1}{1 – x}
    \]

    Step 2: Simplify the Next Fraction

    Now, plug this back into the original equation:

    \[
    \frac{2x}{1 + \frac{1}{\frac{1}{1 – x}}} = 1
    \]

    Simplify the denominator further:

    \[
    \frac{2x}{1 + (1 – x)} = 1
    \]

    \[
    \frac{2x}{2 – x} = 1
    \]

    Step 3: Solve for \(x\)

    Multiply both sides by \(2 – x\) to get rid of the denominator:

    \[
    2x = 2 – x
    \]

    Add \(x\) to both sides:

    \[
    3x = 2
    \]

    Divide by 3:

    \[
    x = \frac{2}{3}
    \]

    Therefore, the value of \(x\) is \(\frac{2}{3}\).

    The correct answer is (a) \(\frac{2}{3}\).

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