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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Explain Changing objectives of India’s foreign policy.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India's foreign policy objectives have evolved over time, reflecting shifts in the global geopolitical landscape and India's own national interests. Initially guided by non-alignment during the Cold War, contemporary objectives demonstrate a nuanced approach: Economic Diplomacy: With a focRead more

    India's foreign policy objectives have evolved over time, reflecting shifts in the global geopolitical landscape and India's own national interests. Initially guided by non-alignment during the Cold War, contemporary objectives demonstrate a nuanced approach:

    1. Economic Diplomacy: With a focus on economic growth and development, India seeks to enhance trade and investment partnerships globally. Economic diplomacy aims to attract foreign investment, diversify markets, and facilitate technology transfer.

    2. Strategic Autonomy: While engaging with major powers, India emphasizes strategic autonomy. It seeks to balance relations with multiple countries, avoiding alignment that could compromise its independent decision-making.

    3. Counterterrorism and Security Cooperation: In response to emerging security challenges, India actively collaborates with nations to counter terrorism and ensure regional stability. Security cooperation extends to maritime security, defense ties, and intelligence-sharing.

    4. Global Governance and Multilateralism: India aims to play a greater role in international forums and institutions. It advocates for reforms in global governance structures to better reflect contemporary realities and foster a multipolar world order.

    5. Neighborhood First: Prioritizing regional stability, India emphasizes stronger ties with neighboring countries through initiatives like "Neighborhood First" and regional forums. Enhancing connectivity, economic cooperation, and resolving disputes characterize this approach.

    6. Climate Change and Sustainability: As a responsible global actor, India focuses on environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation. Commitment to renewable energy, environmental conservation, and international cooperation on climate-related issues are integral to India's foreign policy.

    7. Digital Diplomacy: Recognizing the importance of technology, India leverages digital diplomacy for cultural outreach, people-to-people connections, and international engagement through social media and other platforms.

    8. Pandemic Response and Health Diplomacy: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted India to prioritize global health cooperation. Vaccine diplomacy, medical assistance, and collaboration with international organizations underscore this evolving aspect of foreign policy.

    India's changing foreign policy objectives reflect a dynamic approach aligned with contemporary challenges and opportunities, emphasizing economic growth, strategic autonomy, regional stability, and global collaboration.

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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Explain India’s Act East policy.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India's "Act East" policy, launched in 2014, represents a strategic shift from the earlier "Look East" policy and aims to deepen engagement with the dynamic Asia-Pacific region. The policy focuses on enhancing economic ties, fostering cultural and people-to-people connectionRead more

    India's "Act East" policy, launched in 2014, represents a strategic shift from the earlier "Look East" policy and aims to deepen engagement with the dynamic Asia-Pacific region. The policy focuses on enhancing economic ties, fostering cultural and people-to-people connections, and strengthening strategic partnerships with countries in East and Southeast Asia.

    Under the Act East policy, India seeks to leverage its economic prowess and political influence to promote regional stability and counterbalance the rising strategic assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. It places a strong emphasis on connectivity, trade, and investment, with infrastructure projects such as the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and efforts to improve maritime linkages.

    The policy underscores India's commitment to regional integration and collaboration, emphasizing the importance of Southeast Asia in its foreign policy calculus. Act East aims to deepen cooperation in areas like defense, technology, and innovation, positioning India as a key player in the evolving geopolitical landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Explain India and G-20.

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  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India, as the world's third-largest economy by purchasing power parity, is an active participant in the Group of Twenty (G-20). The G-20 is a forum comprising major advanced and emerging economies, representing about 85% of the global GDP. India engages in the G-20 to address global economic chRead more

    India, as the world's third-largest economy by purchasing power parity, is an active participant in the Group of Twenty (G-20). The G-20 is a forum comprising major advanced and emerging economies, representing about 85% of the global GDP.

    India engages in the G-20 to address global economic challenges, promote financial stability, and foster sustainable development. As a member, India advocates for inclusive and equitable growth, addressing issues such as poverty, climate change, and social development.

    India's participation in the G-20 allows it to contribute to shaping international economic policies, exchange ideas, and collaborate on global economic governance. India emphasizes the importance of collective action to address shared challenges and promotes policies that prioritize the needs of developing nations.

    As a rapidly growing economy with diverse development challenges, India's role in the G-20 is integral to fostering a more balanced and inclusive global economic order, reflecting the changing dynamics of the world economy.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Why did India choose not to ratify the NPT, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty? Describe.

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  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India did not sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) primarily due to concerns about the discriminatory nature of the treaty. The NPT, established in 1968, categorized countries into nuclear-armed states (Nuclear Weapons States - NWS) and non-nuclear-armed states (Non-Nuclear Weapons StatesRead more

    India did not sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) primarily due to concerns about the discriminatory nature of the treaty. The NPT, established in 1968, categorized countries into nuclear-armed states (Nuclear Weapons States – NWS) and non-nuclear-armed states (Non-Nuclear Weapons States – NNWS). India, as a non-signatory, argued that the NPT perpetuated nuclear inequality by legitimizing the possession of nuclear weapons by a select group of nations.

    India asserted its commitment to disarmament and expressed the need for a comprehensive, non-discriminatory treaty that addresses the elimination of existing nuclear arsenals. The discriminatory nature of the NPT, compounded by the failure of the nuclear-armed states to make significant progress towards disarmament, led India to maintain a policy of strategic autonomy and refrain from signing the treaty.

    India's nuclear policy emphasizes a "no first use" stance and a commitment to nuclear disarmament, but it insists on participating in a global framework that ensures equal security for all nations. This principled stance has shaped India's position as a non-signatory to the NPT.

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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

India’s opinions toward the Belt and Road project.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India views China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with a combination of caution and skepticism. The primary concerns revolve around issues related to sovereignty, territorial integrity, and strategic implications. India has refrained from endorsing the BRI, primarily due to the China-PakistanRead more

    India views China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with a combination of caution and skepticism. The primary concerns revolve around issues related to sovereignty, territorial integrity, and strategic implications. India has refrained from endorsing the BRI, primarily due to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project that passes through Pakistan-administered Kashmir, an area claimed by India.

    India asserts that any infrastructure development initiative in the region should respect the principles of territorial integrity and sovereignty. The lack of transparency in the BRI's funding mechanisms and environmental impacts further contribute to India's reservations. Additionally, India sees the BRI as a vehicle for increasing Chinese influence in the region, potentially leading to strategic encirclement.

    While acknowledging the potential for economic cooperation, India advocates for a more inclusive and consultative approach in regional development initiatives. India's reservations about the BRI underscore the complex dynamics of Sino-Indian relations and the strategic considerations that shape India's stance on major geopolitical initiatives in the region.

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N.K. Sharma
N.K. Sharma
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Analyze India’s policy regarding its neighbors critically.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    India’s Neighbourhood Policy: A Critical Examination India's neighbourhood policy is a critical component of its foreign relations, seeking to foster regional stability, economic cooperation, and diplomatic collaboration. A critical examination of India's neighbourhood policy reveals bothRead more

    India’s Neighbourhood Policy: A Critical Examination

    India's neighbourhood policy is a critical component of its foreign relations, seeking to foster regional stability, economic cooperation, and diplomatic collaboration. A critical examination of India's neighbourhood policy reveals both successes and challenges.

    1. Successes:

    • Bilateral Relations: India has maintained stable and often productive bilateral relations with several neighboring countries. Historical ties and cultural affinities have contributed to diplomatic achievements, fostering partnerships with countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal.

    • Regional Organizations: India actively engages in regional forums like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). These platforms serve as avenues for dialogue, collaboration, and addressing common challenges.

    • Economic Cooperation: India's neighbourhood policy emphasizes economic cooperation through initiatives like the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the development of regional connectivity projects. Trade agreements and infrastructure development aim to enhance economic interdependence within the region.

    2. Challenges:

    • Security Concerns: Persistent security concerns, such as cross-border terrorism, have strained relations with certain neighbors, particularly Pakistan. The security dynamics impact trust-building efforts and hinder comprehensive regional cooperation.

    • Chinese Influence: China's growing influence in South Asia poses a challenge to India's neighbourhood policy. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and infrastructure projects in neighboring countries raise concerns about strategic encirclement, impacting India's regional dominance.

    • Border Disputes: Ongoing border disputes, especially with China and Pakistan, impede the smooth functioning of India's neighbourhood policy. Unresolved territorial issues contribute to regional tensions and impact the overall stability of relationships.

    • Internal Conflicts: Neighbouring countries, such as Sri Lanka and Nepal, have experienced internal conflicts and political changes. Managing these dynamics requires a nuanced approach, and India's involvement is often scrutinized for its impact on domestic situations.

    • Sovereignty Concerns: India's assertive stance on certain issues, including the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, has elicited varied responses from neighbouring countries. Sovereignty concerns and differing perspectives on internal matters affect diplomatic ties.

    3. Diplomatic Imperatives:

    • Balancing Act: India's neighbourhood policy necessitates a delicate balancing act between asserting regional leadership and respecting the sovereignty of individual nations. Striking this balance is crucial for building trust and fostering collaborative efforts.

    • Conflict Resolution: Effectively addressing longstanding issues like the India-Pakistan conflict and border disputes with China requires sustained diplomatic efforts. A commitment to conflict resolution is essential for creating an environment conducive to regional cooperation.

    • Economic Diplomacy: Enhancing economic diplomacy by promoting trade, investments, and connectivity projects can mitigate security concerns and build a foundation for shared prosperity. India's leadership in regional economic initiatives remains vital.

    In conclusion, India's neighbourhood policy reflects a mix of successes and challenges. While successes can be attributed to historical ties and regional forums, challenges stem from security concerns, geopolitical dynamics, and internal conflicts. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced and adaptive approach, emphasizing diplomacy, conflict resolution, and economic cooperation to build a stable and prosperous South Asian region.

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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Analyze how Tibet affects relations between China and India.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Tibet Factor in India-China Relations The Tibet factor has been a complex and multifaceted dimension influencing India-China relations for decades, adding intricacies to the geopolitical dynamics between the two Asian neighbors. 1. Historical Context: Historically, Tibet has been a central issue inRead more

    Tibet Factor in India-China Relations

    The Tibet factor has been a complex and multifaceted dimension influencing India-China relations for decades, adding intricacies to the geopolitical dynamics between the two Asian neighbors.

    1. Historical Context:
    Historically, Tibet has been a central issue in India-China relations, stemming from the annexation of Tibet by China in 1950. India's historical and cultural ties with Tibet, including the presence of the Dalai Lama and Tibetan refugees in India, have contributed to the sensitivities surrounding this issue.

    2. Refugee Crisis and Dalai Lama's Presence:
    The presence of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile in India has been a constant source of tension. China views India's accommodation of the Tibetan leadership as interference in its internal affairs, while India maintains that it provides refuge to Tibetan exiles based on humanitarian grounds. The Dalai Lama's spiritual influence and the Tibetan diaspora's continued existence in India contribute to the Tibet factor's complexity.

    3. Strategic Implications:
    The strategic implications of the Tibet factor are significant. China perceives any support to Tibetan causes by India as a challenge to its sovereignty. In turn, India is wary of China's growing influence in Tibet, particularly its military infrastructure development, which has security implications for India.

    4. Border Disputes and Strategic Encirclement:
    The Tibet factor is intricately linked with the long-standing border disputes between India and China. The Chinese control of Tibet has allowed them to establish military infrastructure in the region, contributing to India's security concerns. The unresolved border issues and the strategic encirclement perceived by both nations exacerbate tensions and shape the security calculus.

    5. Water Security:
    The Tibetan plateau is the source of major rivers that flow into India, making water security another aspect of the Tibet factor. China's dam-building activities on transboundary rivers have raised concerns in India about potential downstream impacts on water flow, agriculture, and livelihoods.

    6. Dalai Lama's Succession:
    The eventual succession of the Dalai Lama is a potential flashpoint. China asserts its authority over the selection process, while the Dalai Lama, residing in India, has indicated that his reincarnation may occur outside Chinese-controlled territories. This issue has the potential to escalate tensions and impact the Tibet factor in India-China relations.

    7. Global Advocacy for Tibet:
    India's stance on the Tibet factor is shaped not only by bilateral considerations but also by its role in the global community. India's advocacy for Tibet's cultural and religious autonomy aligns with broader international concerns about human rights and religious freedom.

    8. Diplomatic Maneuvering:
    Both India and China engage in diplomatic maneuvering concerning the Tibet factor. India seeks to balance its concerns for Tibet with the imperative to maintain a working relationship with China. On the other hand, China employs a policy of coercion and persuasion to prevent international support for Tibetan autonomy, pressuring nations to refrain from engaging with the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government-in-exile.

    In conclusion, the Tibet factor remains a complex and sensitive dimension in India-China relations. Historical ties, the refugee crisis, strategic implications, border disputes, water security, the Dalai Lama's succession, global advocacy, and diplomatic maneuvering contribute to the intricate tapestry of this issue. Navigating the Tibet factor requires a delicate balance between national interests, regional stability, and the complexities of the broader international landscape.

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Abstract Classes
Abstract ClassesPower Elite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Talk about Russia’s strategic importance to India’s foreign policy.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    Strategic Significance of Russia in India's Foreign Policy Russia holds a paramount strategic significance in India's foreign policy, marked by a long-standing history of bilateral relations, strategic partnerships, and shared interests. Several factors contribute to the importance of RussRead more

    Strategic Significance of Russia in India's Foreign Policy

    Russia holds a paramount strategic significance in India's foreign policy, marked by a long-standing history of bilateral relations, strategic partnerships, and shared interests. Several factors contribute to the importance of Russia in shaping India's foreign policy approach:

    1. Historical Ties and Trust:
    India and Russia share a history of robust and enduring diplomatic relations dating back to the Cold War era. The historical ties are characterized by mutual trust, cooperation, and support during critical junctures. The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in 1971 exemplifies this deep-rooted relationship, providing a solid foundation for strategic collaboration.

    2. Defense and Security Cooperation:
    Defense and security cooperation between India and Russia is a linchpin of their strategic partnership. Russia has been a major defense supplier to India, providing critical technologies, weapons systems, and military hardware. This strategic collaboration enhances India's defense capabilities and plays a crucial role in maintaining regional stability.

    3. Strategic Autonomy:
    India's relationship with Russia is often viewed through the lens of strategic autonomy. While India has diversified its strategic partnerships, maintaining a robust relationship with Russia enables India to balance its foreign policy dynamics. This strategic autonomy is particularly crucial for India as it navigates a complex geopolitical landscape, fostering a multipolar world order.

    4. Energy Cooperation:
    Russia is an important partner in India's energy security strategy. Cooperation in the nuclear energy sector, including the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, highlights the significance of Russia in India's efforts to diversify its energy sources and address the growing energy demands of its burgeoning economy.

    5. Regional Stability:
    Russia plays a key role in contributing to regional stability in South Asia. Its historical ties with India, combined with its diplomatic engagements with countries like China and its influence in international forums, provide a platform for constructive dialogue and conflict resolution in the region.

    6. Economic Collaboration:
    While economic ties have not been as pronounced as defense and strategic cooperation, Russia remains an important economic partner for India. Both countries have recognized the need to enhance economic collaboration, exploring avenues for trade diversification, investment, and technology transfer.

    7. Shared Interests in Multipolar World:
    Both India and Russia share common interests in fostering a multipolar world order, advocating for a more equitable international system. Their collaboration in forums like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) reflects their commitment to a world order that accommodates the interests of emerging powers.

    8. Scientific and Technological Collaboration:
    Scientific and technological collaboration between India and Russia has been a cornerstone of their relationship. From space exploration to joint research initiatives, both nations have benefited from their complementary capabilities, fostering innovation and technological advancements.

    In conclusion, Russia holds a position of immense strategic significance in India's foreign policy. The historical ties, defense and security cooperation, energy collaboration, and shared interests in a multipolar world contribute to a multidimensional partnership. While India has expanded its global engagements, the enduring relationship with Russia remains a cornerstone, providing stability, strategic autonomy, and a trusted ally in a rapidly changing international landscape.

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Abstract Classes
Abstract ClassesPower Elite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Analyze critically the post-Cold War dynamics of India-US ties.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    1. Introduction The post-Cold War era has witnessed a transformation in global geopolitics, and the nature of India-US relations has been a dynamic and evolving aspect of this geopolitical landscape. This examination critically analyzes the multifaceted nature of India-US relations, spanning diplomaRead more

    1. Introduction

    The post-Cold War era has witnessed a transformation in global geopolitics, and the nature of India-US relations has been a dynamic and evolving aspect of this geopolitical landscape. This examination critically analyzes the multifaceted nature of India-US relations, spanning diplomatic, economic, strategic, and socio-cultural dimensions since the end of the Cold War.

    2. Diplomatic Relations

    India-US diplomatic relations in the post-Cold War era have experienced significant advancements. The end of the Cold War and India's economic liberalization in the 1990s created opportunities for diplomatic engagement. The turning point was marked by the 2000 visit of President Bill Clinton, which helped mend relations strained during the Cold War era. Subsequent administrations, both in India and the US, have worked towards strengthening diplomatic ties, with high-level visits, dialogues, and collaborations becoming regular features.

    However, challenges have persisted, particularly regarding issues such as trade imbalances, intellectual property rights, and differences on certain global and regional geopolitical matters. The diplomatic relationship has been characterized by a balancing act, seeking convergence on common interests while managing divergent views.

    3. Economic Dimensions

    Economic ties between India and the US have undergone substantial growth in the post-Cold War era. Bilateral trade, investments, and technology collaborations have expanded significantly. The Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008 was a watershed moment, signifying a strategic turn in economic relations. The technology and innovation sectors have been pivotal, with a growing emphasis on knowledge exchange, research collaboration, and skill development.

    However, trade-related tensions, particularly issues like market access, intellectual property, and trade imbalances, have presented challenges. The unpredictability in trade policies, especially during certain phases of the Trump administration, underscored the complexities of economic relations between the two nations.

    4. Strategic Partnership and Defense Cooperation

    The post-Cold War era has seen the emergence of a strategic partnership between India and the US, marked by shared concerns about terrorism, regional stability, and maritime security. The US has increasingly viewed India as a key player in the Indo-Pacific region. The signing of the Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) in 2012 aimed at enhancing defense collaboration and technology transfer.

    However, divergences exist, such as India's historical defense ties with Russia and its policy of strategic autonomy. The challenges also include divergent views on issues like Iran, where the US sanctions have implications for India's energy security.

    5. Evolving Regional Dynamics

    The post-Cold War era has witnessed a shift in India-US relations within the context of South Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific region. The US recognizes India as a major regional player, and both nations have shared concerns about stability, economic development, and counter-terrorism efforts in South Asia.

    However, India's strategic autonomy and non-alignment principles have also shaped its regional policies. The nature of India's relations with neighboring countries, including Pakistan and China, has implications for its alignment with the US in the broader regional context.

    6. Socio-Cultural Exchanges and People-to-People Ties

    The post-Cold War era has seen a growth in people-to-people ties and socio-cultural exchanges between India and the US. Educational collaborations, scientific research partnerships, and the Indian diaspora's increasing influence have contributed to a deeper understanding and appreciation of each other's cultures.

    Yet, socio-cultural ties also face challenges. Issues like immigration policies, visa restrictions, and occasional incidents affecting the Indian diaspora highlight the need for continuous dialogue and understanding to nurture a robust socio-cultural relationship.

    7. Global Collaboration and Multilateral Engagements

    India and the US, as pluralistic democracies, share common values in the global arena. Collaboration on issues such as climate change, counter-terrorism, and United Nations reforms has been a notable feature of their post-Cold War engagement. Both nations have recognized the importance of multilateral institutions and norms in addressing global challenges.

    However, differences have emerged, particularly on issues like climate change commitments and certain global governance structures. Navigating these differences while fostering collaboration remains a critical aspect of their global engagement.

    8. Conclusion

    In conclusion, the nature of India-US relations in the post-Cold War era is marked by a complex interplay of diplomatic, economic, strategic, regional, socio-cultural, and global dimensions. While both nations have made substantial efforts to forge a partnership, challenges persist, necessitating diplomatic acumen and flexibility. The evolving dynamics reflect the changing contours of global politics, requiring India and the US to navigate diverse interests, ideologies, and priorities to build a resilient and mutually beneficial relationship.

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Himanshu Kulshreshtha
Himanshu KulshreshthaElite Author
Asked: January 28, 2024In:

Compare India’s foreign policies during the II and UPA administrations.

BPSE-142
  1. Himanshu Kulshreshtha Elite Author

    1. Introduction India's foreign policy has undergone significant shifts and adaptations under different political regimes. The periods under the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) - II have witnessed distinct approaches, priorities, and challenges in shRead more

    1. Introduction

    India's foreign policy has undergone significant shifts and adaptations under different political regimes. The periods under the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) – II have witnessed distinct approaches, priorities, and challenges in shaping India's global engagement. This comparative analysis aims to delineate the key features and changes in India's foreign policy during these two regimes.

    2. UPA Regime: 2004-2014

    During the UPA regime (2004-2014), led by the Indian National Congress, India's foreign policy was characterized by a focus on multilateralism, non-alignment, and economic diplomacy. The government, under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, emphasized building strategic partnerships, particularly with the United States, while maintaining traditional ties with Russia. The Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement in 2008 marked a significant milestone in India's diplomatic relations, signaling a departure from the nuclear isolation of the past.

    The UPA government also prioritized engagement with neighboring countries through initiatives like the Look East Policy, which aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations. Furthermore, there was a concerted effort to enhance economic diplomacy, promoting trade and investment globally.

    3. NDA – II Regime: 2014-Present

    Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the NDA – II regime (2014-present) has brought about a distinctive shift in India's foreign policy priorities. "Neighborhood First" and "Act East" have become guiding principles, signaling a renewed emphasis on strengthening ties with neighboring countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

    The government has sought to redefine India's global role, emphasizing a more assertive and proactive approach. Initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) showcase India's commitment to addressing global challenges, particularly in the realm of sustainable development and climate change.

    4. Strategic Partnerships and Alliances

    While both regimes aimed to build strategic partnerships, there are nuanced differences. The UPA era saw a deepening of ties with the United States, emphasizing shared democratic values. In contrast, the NDA – II regime has pursued a diverse set of partnerships, engaging with major powers like the U.S., Russia, and China, while fostering stronger ties with countries in the Indian Ocean region and the Indo-Pacific.

    Under NDA – II, there has been a focus on security and defense cooperation, exemplified by initiatives like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), a strategic forum comprising the U.S., Japan, Australia, and India. This reflects a more proactive approach in aligning with like-minded nations to address regional and global challenges.

    5. Economic Diplomacy and Trade Agreements

    Economic diplomacy has been a common thread in both regimes, recognizing the importance of global trade and investment. The UPA era witnessed efforts to integrate India into the global economy through the conclusion of trade agreements and participation in forums like the G20.

    Under NDA – II, there has been a concerted push for economic reforms and the "Make in India" initiative to enhance India's manufacturing capabilities. Trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), have been approached with caution, reflecting a balancing act between economic integration and safeguarding domestic interests.

    6. Neighborhood Policy and Regional Dynamics

    The UPA government pursued a pragmatic approach in managing regional relationships, with a focus on addressing security concerns and promoting economic cooperation. However, challenges remained, particularly in relation to Pakistan and issues like terrorism.

    The NDA – II regime has placed a renewed emphasis on neighborhood policy with initiatives like the Neighbourhood First Policy. While relations with some neighbors have seen improvement, challenges persist, as seen in the complex dynamics with Pakistan and evolving situations in Afghanistan.

    7. Foreign Policy in Multilateral Forums

    Both regimes recognized the importance of multilateral forums in addressing global challenges. The UPA era witnessed active participation in forums like the United Nations, where India sought reforms to reflect contemporary geopolitical realities.

    Under NDA – II, there has been an increased focus on shaping global discourse and institutions. Initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) showcase India's commitment to addressing shared challenges beyond regional boundaries.

    8. Shifts in Defense and Security Policies

    The UPA government made strides in defense cooperation, with the signing of major defense agreements and the modernization of the armed forces. However, security challenges, including cross-border terrorism, remained significant.

    The NDA – II regime has prioritized defense manufacturing through the "Make in India" initiative and has taken assertive steps in responding to security challenges, including the Balakot airstrikes in 2019. The focus on defense and security aligns with the broader objective of positioning India as a regional security provider.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, the comparison of India's foreign policy under the UPA and NDA – II regimes reflects a dynamic evolution in response to changing geopolitical realities. While the UPA era emphasized multilateralism and strategic partnerships, the NDA – II regime has shown a more assertive posture, redefining priorities with a focus on neighborhood first, economic diplomacy, and proactive engagement in regional and global affairs. The shifts in foreign policy reflect India's pursuit of a more prominent role on the world stage and the recognition of emerging challenges that require a nuanced and adaptive approach.

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