Briefly state the functions and effects of deficiency of the following nutrients in our body: i) Vitamin A ii) Iodine iii) Iron

i) Vitamin A:

• Functions: Vitamin A is essential for vision, particularly in low-light conditions (night vision). It also supports healthy skin, immune function, and reproductive health.
• Deficiency Effects: Deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness (nyctalopia), increased susceptibility to infections, dry and rough skin (xerosis), and impaired wound healing. Severe deficiency may cause xerophthalmia (corneal damage) and even blindness.

ii) Iodine:

• Functions: Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), which regulate metabolism and support growth and development, especially of the brain and nervous system.
• Deficiency Effects: Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), causing symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland). Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in congenital disabilities known as iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), affecting cognitive development in children.

iii) Iron:

• Functions: Iron is essential for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells, which transports oxygen throughout the body. Iron also plays a role in energy production and enzyme functions.
• Deficiency Effects: Iron deficiency leads to iron-deficiency anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and impaired cognitive function. In severe cases, iron deficiency can cause complications such as heart palpitations, brittle nails, and pica (craving non-food items).

Addressing deficiencies of these nutrients through dietary changes or supplementation is crucial for maintaining optimal health and preventing associated health problems.