Compare between Nyaya and Buddhist definitions of Perception.

Nyaya and Buddhist philosophies, though distinct, both address the concept of perception within the context of their respective epistemological frameworks.

In Nyaya:

Perception, known as "Pratyaksha," is considered one of the valid means of knowledge (Pramana). Nyaya defines perception as the direct apprehension of an object by the senses without the need for any intermediary. It involves a direct and immediate connection between the sense organs, the mind, and the external object. Nyaya recognizes various types of perception, including ordinary sense perception (Laukika Pratyaksha) and yogic perception (Yogaja Pratyaksha).

In Buddhism:

Buddhist philosophy, particularly in the Abhidharma tradition, also acknowledges perception as a means of knowledge. Perception is termed as "Sannā" or "Saññā" in Pali. According to Buddhism, perception is part of the cognitive process that follows sensation (Vedana). It involves the mental recognition and interpretation of sensory data. The Buddhist Abhidharma tradition further categorizes perception as one of the mental factors (Cetasika) that contribute to the overall mental experience.

Comparison:

1. Directness of Perception:

   • Nyaya asserts the directness of perception, emphasizing an immediate connection between the senses and the external object.
   • In Buddhism, while perception is recognized, it is considered a mental process that follows sensation. The emphasis is on the mental interpretation of sensory input.

2. Role in Epistemology:

   • In Nyaya, perception is a primary and independent means of knowledge alongside inference (Anumana), comparison (Upamana), verbal testimony (Sabda), and presumption (Arthapatti).
   • In Buddhism, perception is part of a larger cognitive process and is not necessarily treated as an independent means of knowledge. Buddhist epistemology places significant emphasis on direct meditative experience (Yogic perception) and mindfulness.

3. Ontological Status:

   • Nyaya considers perception as a source of direct knowledge about the external world, contributing to the understanding of reality.
   • Buddhism, particularly in the Abhidharma tradition, acknowledges perception as part of the mental process involved in constructing one's experience of reality. The emphasis is on the impermanent and conditioned nature of all phenomena.

In summary, both Nyaya and Buddhist philosophies recognize the role of perception in understanding the world. Nyaya emphasizes the directness of sensory perception as a standalone means of knowledge, while Buddhism incorporates perception into a broader cognitive framework, highlighting its conditioned and interpretative nature.