Critically assess the nature of the dalit movement since the 1990s.

1. Introduction:

The Dalit movement in India, representing the marginalized and oppressed communities historically known as Scheduled Castes (SCs), has witnessed dynamic changes since the 1990s. This period marked a significant shift in the nature and strategies of the movement, reflecting new challenges and aspirations among Dalit communities.

2. Emergence of Assertive Identity:

Since the 1990s, there has been a notable emergence of an assertive Dalit identity. Dalit activists and leaders have sought to challenge historical oppression by reclaiming their cultural heritage, asserting their dignity, and promoting a sense of unity among diverse Dalit sub-groups. This assertive identity is often reflected in cultural events, literature, and social movements.

3. Political Empowerment and Representation:

One of the prominent features of the Dalit movement has been the pursuit of political empowerment and representation. The 1990s saw the rise of Dalit political parties and leaders who actively engaged in electoral politics. The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under the leadership of Kanshi Ram and Mayawati in Uttar Pradesh exemplifies this trend, demonstrating the quest for political power as a means to address the socio-economic issues faced by Dalits.

4. Reservation and Affirmative Action:

The demand for reservation and affirmative action in education, employment, and political institutions has been a consistent theme in the Dalit movement. While reservations have existed since the early years post-independence, the 1990s witnessed intensified advocacy for the expansion of reservation quotas, particularly in response to emerging economic challenges and globalization.

5. Assertion through Mass Movements:

Mass movements have played a crucial role in the Dalit struggle since the 1990s. Movements like the Dalit Panthers in Maharashtra and the Bhim Army in recent years have mobilized Dalit communities for social justice, anti-caste activism, and resistance against atrocities. These movements highlight the importance of collective action in challenging oppressive structures.

6. Challenges and New Forms of Discrimination:

Despite progress, the Dalit movement has had to confront new challenges and forms of discrimination. Economic disparities, violence, and social exclusion persist, demanding ongoing activism. Incidents like the Una flogging incident in 2016 brought attention to the continued practice of untouchability and violence against Dalits.

7. Intersectionality and Women's Participation:

An evolving aspect of the Dalit movement has been the recognition of intersectionality, acknowledging the unique struggles faced by Dalit women. Women have actively participated in the movement, emphasizing the need to address both caste and gender-based discrimination. This intersectional perspective has led to a more nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by Dalit communities.

8. Globalization and Economic Struggles:

The impact of globalization has been a significant factor influencing the Dalit movement. Economic struggles, particularly in the context of neoliberal policies, have brought attention to the need for addressing socio-economic disparities. The movement has expanded its focus to include economic justice, challenging the structural inequalities exacerbated by globalization.

9. Use of Technology and Social Media:

The advent of technology, especially social media, has transformed the nature of activism within the Dalit movement. Activists and organizations leverage online platforms to raise awareness, mobilize support, and document instances of discrimination. This has facilitated a broader reach and interconnectedness among various Dalit groups and supporters.

10. International Solidarity and Advocacy:

In the global context, the Dalit movement has sought international solidarity and advocacy. Dalit diaspora communities and human rights organizations have played a role in highlighting the issues faced by Dalits on the international stage, emphasizing the need for global attention and support.

11. Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Dalit movement since the 1990s reflects a dynamic and evolving struggle for social justice, political empowerment, and cultural assertion. The movement has witnessed shifts in strategies, embracing political participation, mass movements, and the use of technology. While progress has been made, challenges persist, demanding a continued and comprehensive effort to address the complex issues of caste-based discrimination and oppression. The evolving nature of the Dalit movement underscores its resilience and determination in the pursuit of equality and justice.