Define arousal. Describe General Adaptation Syndrome.

Defining Arousal

Arousal refers to the physiological and psychological state of alertness, readiness, and activation of the body and mind in response to internal or external stimuli. It is a dynamic process that involves changes in autonomic nervous system activity, hormonal release, and cognitive processes to prepare the individual for action or adaptation. Arousal levels can vary along a continuum from low arousal, characterized by relaxation and drowsiness, to high arousal, characterized by heightened alertness and activation.

General Adaptation Syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a theoretical framework proposed by Hans Selye to describe the body's response to stressors. It consists of three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. GAS illustrates how the body adapts and responds to stress over time, highlighting the physiological changes that occur during the stress response.

1. Alarm Reaction: The alarm reaction is the initial stage of the stress response, triggered by the perception of a stressor. In this stage, the body activates its fight-or-flight response, mobilizing resources to cope with the perceived threat. Physiological changes during the alarm reaction include increased heart rate, heightened arousal, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol are released to prepare the body for action and enhance alertness and energy.

2. Resistance: The resistance stage follows the initial alarm reaction and is characterized by the body's attempts to cope with and adapt to the ongoing stressor. During this stage, physiological responses stabilize as the body attempts to restore homeostasis and adapt to the continued presence of the stressor. While arousal levels may remain elevated, the body becomes more efficient in managing the stressor and maintaining physiological balance. However, prolonged exposure to stress can deplete resources and lead to exhaustion if the stressor persists.

3. Exhaustion: The exhaustion stage occurs when the body's resources become depleted after prolonged exposure to stress. In this stage, the body's ability to cope with the stressor is compromised, and physiological functioning may deteriorate. Symptoms of exhaustion may include fatigue, burnout, decreased immune function, and increased vulnerability to illness or injury. Without adequate rest and recovery, chronic stress can have long-term detrimental effects on physical and mental health.

Conclusion

Arousal is a dynamic state of physiological and psychological activation in response to stimuli, ranging from relaxation to heightened alertness. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the body's response to stressors through three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. Understanding the physiological changes that occur during the stress response can help individuals recognize and manage stress more effectively, promoting resilience and well-being. By adopting strategies to modulate arousal levels and build resilience, individuals can cope with stress more effectively and maintain overall health and functioning.