Define nutrients. Identify different nutrients required by poultry. Explain any one in detail.

Nutrients are substances essential for the growth, development, maintenance, and overall health of living organisms. They provide the raw materials and energy needed for various physiological functions, metabolic processes, and biological activities within the body. Nutrients are obtained through the diet or environment and are utilized by organisms to support growth, repair tissues, regulate metabolism, and sustain life.

Different nutrients required by poultry include:

1. Proteins: Proteins are essential macronutrients composed of amino acids, which serve as building blocks for muscle, tissue, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Poultry require dietary proteins for growth, feathering, egg production, and immune function. Sources of dietary proteins for poultry include soybean meal, fish meal, meat meal, and poultry by-products.

2. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are primary energy sources that provide fuel for metabolic processes and physical activities. They are composed of sugars, starches, and fiber, which are broken down into glucose and utilized for energy production. Carbohydrates also play a role in maintaining digestive health and promoting satiety in poultry. Common carbohydrate sources for poultry include corn, wheat, barley, and oats.

3. Fats: Fats, also known as lipids, are concentrated energy sources that provide essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and insulation for body tissues. They are important for maintaining skin health, feather quality, and egg production in poultry. Fats also contribute to the palatability and energy density of poultry diets. Common fat sources for poultry include vegetable oils, animal fats, and fish oils.

4. Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for various metabolic functions, enzyme reactions, and immune responses. They play critical roles in nutrient metabolism, bone development, vision, reproduction, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Poultry require vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin B complex, which are obtained from feed ingredients, supplements, or synthesized internally.

One nutrient that plays a crucial role in poultry nutrition is calcium. Calcium is a vital mineral required for bone formation, eggshell production, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting in poultry. It is obtained from dietary sources such as limestone, oyster shell, or calcium carbonate supplements. Calcium is particularly important for laying hens to ensure the production of strong, durable eggshells. Inadequate calcium intake can lead to poor eggshell quality, skeletal deformities, and metabolic disorders in poultry. Therefore, providing adequate dietary calcium is essential for maintaining optimal health and productivity in poultry flocks.