Define Pramana.

"Pramana" is a Sanskrit term in Indian philosophy that refers to the means or sources of knowledge. It encapsulates the epistemological framework through which valid knowledge is acquired and justified. In various philosophical traditions, pramana serves as a guide to discerning reliable sources of cognition and understanding reality.

In classical Indian philosophy, six pramanas are traditionally recognized:

1. Pratyaksha (Perception): Direct perception through the senses is considered a fundamental pramana. It involves the immediate apprehension of external objects or events.

2. Anumana (Inference): Inference is a process of drawing conclusions based on observed facts or premises. It relies on the logical connection between cause and effect.

3. Upamana (Analogy): Upamana involves knowledge gained through analogy or comparison. It relies on the similarity between a known object (analogy) and an unknown one.

4. Sabda (Verbal Testimony): Verbal testimony, particularly from reliable sources such as scriptures or trustworthy individuals, is recognized as a valid means of knowledge.

5. Arthapatti (Presumption): Arthapatti is the postulation of an unperceived condition based on the absence of the expected result. It is a unique pramana for understanding certain situations.

6. Anupalabdhi (Non-perception): Non-perception is the recognition of the absence or non-existence of an object or quality, leading to valid knowledge.

Pramana theories provide a comprehensive framework for epistemological inquiry, addressing the nature, scope, and justification of knowledge across various philosophical schools in India.