Define the developmental tasks of different age groups.

Developmental tasks refer to the age-specific challenges and responsibilities that individuals are expected to face and master during various stages of their lives. These tasks are often influenced by biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors. Different theorists have proposed various models of developmental tasks, and while specific tasks may vary, a general framework can be outlined for different age groups.

1. Infancy (0-2 years):

   • Task: The primary task during infancy is the establishment of a secure attachment to caregivers. Infants develop trust and a sense of basic security through consistent and responsive caregiving. They also begin to explore their environment and develop basic motor skills.

2. Early Childhood (2-6 years):

   • Task: Early childhood is characterized by the development of autonomy and the mastery of basic self-care skills. Children learn to control bodily functions, express emotions, and engage in symbolic play. The establishment of a positive self-concept is crucial during this stage.

3. Middle Childhood (6-12 years):

   • Task: The main developmental task during middle childhood is the acquisition of cognitive and academic skills. Children develop a sense of competence and mastery in various activities, establish friendships, and begin to understand societal rules and expectations. They also start to develop a sense of industry and accomplishment.

4. Adolescence (12-18 years):

   • Task: Adolescence involves the formation of a strong and coherent identity. This includes exploring personal values, beliefs, and goals. Adolescents also navigate the challenges of puberty and establish meaningful peer relationships. Developing a sense of autonomy while maintaining connections with family is another crucial task.

5. Young Adulthood (18-35 years):

   • Task: Young adults focus on achieving independence, establishing intimate relationships, and pursuing career goals. They make important life choices, such as career paths, romantic partnerships, and personal values. Developing a sense of identity in the adult world is a key task during this stage.

6. Middle Adulthood (36-65 years):

   • Task: Middle adulthood is marked by generativity, which involves contributing to the well-being of future generations. Individuals may focus on career advancement, raising children, and contributing to their communities. Establishing a sense of purpose and adapting to changing life roles are important tasks during this stage.

7. Late Adulthood (65 years and beyond):

   • Task: Late adulthood involves reflecting on life, finding meaning and satisfaction, and coping with the challenges of aging. Individuals may face issues related to retirement, health decline, and loss of loved ones. Acceptance and adjustment to these changes, while maintaining a sense of dignity, are crucial developmental tasks.

It's important to note that these developmental tasks are not rigid or universally applicable. Individuals may progress through these stages at different rates, and external factors, such as culture and environment, can influence the tasks they encounter. Additionally, the concept of developmental tasks is a theoretical framework, and real-life experiences may vary widely among individuals.