Define Wetland.

A wetland is an area of land where the water table is at or near the surface of the land for a significant part of the year, or where the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, characterized by the presence of water, hydric soils, and unique vegetation adapted to saturated conditions.

Key Characteristics of Wetlands:

1. Hydrology:
   Wetlands exhibit a unique hydrological regime, with water either covering the land surface or saturating the underlying soil. The hydrology is a defining feature that distinguishes wetlands from other ecosystems.

2. Soil Characteristics:
   Wetlands have hydric soils, which are saturated or inundated with water for varying periods. These soils are typically low in oxygen due to waterlogged conditions, influencing the types of plants that can thrive in wetland environments.

3. Vegetation:
   Wetlands support specialized vegetation adapted to wet conditions. Common wetland plants include cattails, bulrushes, sedges, and various species of marsh grasses. The specific types of vegetation vary depending on factors such as water depth, salinity, and nutrient levels.

4. Biodiversity:
   Wetlands are highly diverse ecosystems that provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. They serve as breeding and nesting grounds for numerous waterfowl, amphibians, fish, and other wildlife. The complex structure of wetland vegetation offers valuable niches for various species.

5. Ecological Functions:
   Wetlands play crucial ecological roles, including water filtration, flood control, and nutrient cycling. They act as natural buffers against flooding by absorbing and storing excess water during periods of high rainfall. Additionally, wetlands help improve water quality by trapping sediments and filtering pollutants.

6. Types of Wetlands:
   Wetlands come in various forms, including marshes, swamps, bogs, and estuaries. Each type has distinct characteristics based on factors such as water source, vegetation, and geographic location. For example, marshes are often characterized by grassy vegetation, while swamps may have woody plants like trees and shrubs.

7. Importance to Humans:
   Wetlands provide essential ecosystem services that benefit human communities. They contribute to water purification, support fisheries, provide recreational opportunities, and offer natural buffers against storm surges and flooding. Wetlands are also culturally significant and play a role in traditional practices of many communities.

Due to their ecological significance and the diverse array of services they provide, wetlands are recognized and protected under international agreements such as the Ramsar Convention. Preserving and restoring wetlands is crucial for maintaining biodiversity, sustaining ecosystems, and ensuring the continued provision of valuable ecosystem services.