Describe power distribution in brief. Write specific use of main equipment required for distribution lines in overhead lines.

Power distribution is the process of delivering electrical energy from the transmission system to end-users, such as homes, businesses, and industrial facilities. It involves the division and delivery of electricity at lower voltages through a network of distribution lines, substations, transformers, and other equipment. Here's a brief overview:

Power Distribution Process:

1. Step-Down Transformation: Electricity received from the transmission system at high voltages (typically ranging from 69 kV to 765 kV) is stepped down to lower voltages suitable for distribution to end-users. This is achieved through transformers located at substations.

2. Distribution Lines: Once voltage is reduced, electricity is transmitted through distribution lines, which can be overhead lines or underground cables, depending on the infrastructure and environmental considerations.

3. Distribution Substations: Distribution substations further step down voltage levels and regulate electricity flow to match the demand of various distribution feeders. They may also include protective devices such as circuit breakers and fuses to ensure system reliability and safety.

4. Secondary Distribution: At the end of distribution lines, electricity is further stepped down to even lower voltages (e.g., 120/240 volts in residential areas) before being supplied to end-users through service drops or underground service cables.

Main Equipment for Overhead Distribution Lines:

1. Poles: Wooden, steel, or concrete poles are used to support overhead distribution lines and provide stability and elevation for the conductors. They are spaced at regular intervals along the distribution route.

2. Crossarms: Crossarms are attached to poles and support the conductors, insulators, and other equipment such as transformers and switches. They provide structural integrity and spacing for safe conductor placement.

3. Conductors: Conductors are the cables or wires that carry electrical current along distribution lines. They are typically made of aluminum or copper and are insulated to prevent electrical leakage and ensure safety.

4. Insulators: Insulators are used to support conductors and prevent electrical current from flowing to the pole or other grounded structures. They are typically made of porcelain or polymer materials and provide electrical insulation.

5. Transformers: Distribution transformers are used to step down voltage levels from the primary distribution voltage to lower voltages suitable for end-users. They are mounted on poles or concrete pads and serve multiple customers in a distribution area.

6. Switches and Reclosers: Switches and reclosers are used to control the flow of electricity on distribution lines, isolate faults, and restore power after temporary outages. They can be manually or automatically operated and help improve system reliability.

By employing these main equipment components effectively, overhead distribution lines ensure the efficient and reliable delivery of electrical power to end-users, supporting various residential, commercial, and industrial applications.