Describe the features of the 73rdConstitutional Amendment Act.

1. Introduction:

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, passed in 1992, is a landmark legislation that aimed to strengthen local self-governance in rural areas of India. This amendment introduced significant changes to the structure and functioning of the Panchayati Raj institutions, empowering local communities and fostering grassroots democracy.

2. Background:

Prior to the 73rd Amendment, local governance in rural areas was often marred by centralized control and minimal representation of the local population. Recognizing the need for decentralized governance and increased community participation, the amendment sought to revitalize the Panchayati Raj system.

3. Devolution of Powers:

One of the key features of the 73rd Amendment is the devolution of powers to Panchayati Raj institutions. It mandates the state governments to transfer certain powers and responsibilities related to economic development, social justice, and implementation of schemes to the Panchayats. This devolution aimed to empower local bodies in decision-making and resource allocation.

4. Three-Tier Structure:

The amendment introduced a three-tier structure for Panchayati Raj institutions:

• Gram Panchayat: At the village level, responsible for local governance and development.

• Panchayat Samiti: At the intermediate or block level, coordinating the functioning of Gram Panchayats within its jurisdiction.

• Zila Parishad: At the district level, overseeing the implementation of development programs and coordinating Panchayat Samitis.

This three-tier structure aimed to ensure representation and participation at various levels of governance.

5. Reservation for Marginalized Sections:

The 73rd Amendment recognized the importance of inclusive governance. It mandated the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women in Panchayati Raj institutions. This provision aimed to address historical socio-economic disparities and promote the active participation of marginalized sections in local governance.

6. Election and Duration of Panchayats:

The amendment introduced a system of regular elections for Panchayati Raj institutions. Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis are elected for a term of five years, ensuring periodic democratic representation. This provision aimed to foster continuity in local governance and prevent undue interference.

7. Finance Commission and Funds:

To ensure financial autonomy, the 73rd Amendment mandated the setting up of State Finance Commissions to recommend principles for sharing financial resources between the state government and Panchayati Raj institutions. The funds provided by the state government, as well as revenues generated locally, empower these institutions to plan and implement developmental projects effectively.

8. Role in Economic Development:

Panchayati Raj institutions were entrusted with the responsibility of formulating and implementing plans related to economic development and social justice. They play a crucial role in identifying local needs, prioritizing projects, and mobilizing resources for community welfare.

9. Social Justice and Welfare Programs:

Apart from economic development, the 73rd Amendment emphasized the role of Panchayati Raj institutions in implementing social justice and welfare programs. They are instrumental in the implementation of schemes related to health, education, sanitation, and poverty alleviation at the grassroots level.

10. Challenges and Criticisms:

While the 73rd Amendment has been a significant step towards decentralized governance, it has faced challenges and criticisms. Issues such as inadequate financial resources, political interference, and varying levels of administrative capacity across states have impacted the effective implementation of the amendment.

11. Conclusion:

In conclusion, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act has played a pivotal role in revitalizing local self-governance in rural India. By devolving powers, ensuring reservation for marginalized sections, and creating a three-tier structure, the amendment has sought to promote grassroots democracy and inclusive development. While challenges persist, the impact of this amendment in fostering local empowerment and participatory governance cannot be understated. It stands as a crucial milestone in India's journey towards decentralized and inclusive governance.