Discuss any two models of memory.

1. Multi-Store Model of Memory

The Multi-Store Model of Memory, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, conceptualizes memory as consisting of three distinct stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Sensory Memory:
Sensory memory is the first stage of memory processing, where sensory information from the environment is briefly retained in its original sensory form. It acts as a buffer that holds incoming sensory stimuli for a fraction of a second to several seconds. Sensory memory has separate subsystems for each sensory modality, including iconic memory (visual) and echoic memory (auditory). Information that is attended to or rehearsed moves on to the next stage of memory processing.

Short-Term Memory (STM):
Short-term memory is the second stage of memory processing, where information from sensory memory or LTM is temporarily stored and actively manipulated. STM has limited capacity and duration, typically holding around 7 ± 2 items for about 15-30 seconds without rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal, such as repeating information verbally or mentally, helps to keep information in STM. If information is not rehearsed, it is subject to decay or displacement.

Long-Term Memory (LTM):
Long-term memory is the third and final stage of memory processing, where information that has been rehearsed or encoded in STM is transferred for more permanent storage. LTM has virtually unlimited capacity and can retain information for extended periods, ranging from minutes to a lifetime. Encoding processes in LTM involve semantic, visual, and acoustic encoding, contributing to the formation of durable memory traces.

2. Levels of Processing Model

The Levels of Processing Model, proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972, challenges the idea of separate memory stores and emphasizes the depth of processing as the primary determinant of memory retention.

Shallow Processing:
Shallow processing involves encoding information at a superficial level based on its physical characteristics, such as its appearance or sound. This level of processing results in poor memory retention because it does not involve meaningful elaboration or semantic analysis of the information.

Deep Processing:
Deep processing involves encoding information at a semantic level by engaging in meaningful analysis, elaboration, and association with existing knowledge. This level of processing leads to better memory retention because it creates stronger and more elaborate memory traces. Semantic encoding facilitates the integration of new information with preexisting knowledge networks in LTM, enhancing retrieval cues and promoting long-term retention.

Elaboration and Association:
The Levels of Processing Model emphasizes the importance of elaborative rehearsal, which involves actively relating new information to preexisting knowledge and forming meaningful associations between them. Elaboration enhances the depth of processing and promotes the transfer of information from STM to LTM. Association refers to linking new information with existing memory representations, facilitating retrieval by creating interconnected memory networks.

Conclusion

Both the Multi-Store Model of Memory and the Levels of Processing Model offer valuable insights into the nature of human memory. While the Multi-Store Model emphasizes the structural organization of memory into distinct stores, the Levels of Processing Model highlights the role of depth of processing and elaboration in memory retention. Together, these models contribute to our understanding of how information is processed, stored, and retrieved in memory.