Discuss the administration of the state during the Pandyan times.

The Pandyan dynasty, which ruled over parts of South India, particularly Tamil Nadu and Kerala, during various periods of ancient and medieval history, had a distinctive administrative system that contributed to the kingdom's governance, prosperity, and cultural development. The administration of the Pandyan state was marked by administrative efficiency, decentralized governance, and patronage of art, literature, and architecture. Here's a detailed discussion on the administration of the state during the Pandyan times:

1. Political Organization:
The Pandyan kingdom was organized into a hierarchical administrative structure with the king (Pandyan ruler) at the apex of authority. The kingdom was divided into provinces or regions (Mandalams), each governed by a local chief or governor (Mandalathipathi) appointed by the king. The Mandalam was further divided into districts (Nadus), which were administered by officials known as Naduvalanadu.

2. Revenue Administration:
The economy of the Pandyan kingdom was predominantly agrarian, and land revenue formed a significant source of state income. The administration collected taxes based on land productivity and crop yields. The Pandyan rulers implemented irrigation projects such as building tanks (water reservoirs) and canals to improve agricultural productivity and ensure a stable revenue stream.

3. Local Governance:
The Pandyan administration emphasized decentralized governance, allowing considerable autonomy to local chiefs and village assemblies (Ur). The village councils played a vital role in local administration, resolving disputes, and overseeing community welfare. The system of local self-government helped in maintaining law and order at the grassroots level and promoting communal harmony.

4. Trade and Commerce:
The Pandyan kingdom was strategically located along the maritime trade routes of the Indian Ocean, facilitating trade with Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Ports such as Korkai, Kaveripattinam (Poompuhar), and Madurai served as major centers of maritime commerce, fostering economic prosperity and cultural exchanges. The Pandyan rulers promoted trade through the development of port infrastructure and maritime navigation.

5. Cultural Patronage:
The Pandyan kings were great patrons of Tamil literature, art, and architecture. They supported the composition of literary works such as Sangam literature, including the "Pattinapalai" and "Maduraikkanchi." The Pandyan period witnessed the construction of magnificent temples adorned with intricately carved sculptures and frescoes, such as the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

6. Military Organization:
The Pandyan administration maintained a well-organized military to protect the kingdom's borders and maritime interests. The Pandyan army comprised infantry, cavalry, elephants, and naval forces equipped with advanced weaponry. The navy played a crucial role in safeguarding trade routes and conducting naval expeditions.

7. Legal and Judicial System:
The Pandyan state had a well-developed legal and judicial system based on ancient Tamil legal texts (Dharmashastras) and local customs. Local assemblies (Ur) and village councils (Panchayats) resolved disputes and administered justice at the grassroots level. The Pandyan rulers upheld principles of justice and fairness, promoting social harmony and the rule of law.

In conclusion, the administration of the Pandyan state during its zenith was characterized by efficient governance, decentralized administration, economic prosperity, and cultural vibrancy. The Pandyan kings' patronage of art, literature, and architecture enriched Tamil heritage, leaving a lasting legacy in South Indian history. The administrative practices of the Pandyan dynasty contributed to the region's socio-economic development and cultural identity, highlighting the kingdom's significance in the historical narrative of ancient and medieval India.