Discuss the early political activities of Mahatma Gandhi after his arrival from South Africa.

Upon Mahatma Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in January 1915, he swiftly became deeply involved in India's struggle for independence, bringing his philosophy of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience to the forefront. Here are some key aspects of Gandhi's early political activities in India:

1. Champaran Satyagraha (1917):
   One of Gandhi's earliest interventions in Indian politics was the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917. He visited Champaran in Bihar, where indigo farmers were being forced to cultivate indigo against their will. Gandhi's nonviolent protest against these exploitative practices marked the beginning of his Satyagraha campaigns in India.

2. Kheda Satyagraha (1918):
   The Kheda Satyagraha was another important movement led by Gandhi. It took place in the Kheda district of Gujarat, where peasants were facing oppressive taxation during a severe famine. Gandhi supported the peasants' demand for a tax waiver and initiated a nonviolent resistance movement.

3. Ahmedabad Mill Workers' Strike (1918):
   Gandhi actively participated in the Ahmedabad mill workers' strike in 1918, advocating for workers' rights and better working conditions. This marked his early involvement in labor issues and his commitment to social justice.

4. Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919):
   The Rowlatt Satyagraha was a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Act of 1919, which allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial. Gandhi called for a countrywide strike and nonviolent resistance, urging people to peacefully demonstrate against this repressive legislation.

5. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
   The tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed civilians, deeply affected Gandhi. It intensified his commitment to nonviolent resistance and fueled his resolve to work towards India's independence.

6. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920):
   In 1920, Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, a significant turning point in India's struggle for independence. It called for nonviolent non-cooperation with British institutions, including boycotting government services, educational institutions, and British goods. The movement aimed at achieving Swaraj, or self-rule, through nonviolent means.

These early political activities showcased Gandhi's ability to mobilize people across different sections of society and his commitment to nonviolent resistance as a powerful tool for political change. Gandhi's principles and methods laid the groundwork for future movements and solidified his role as a leader in India's quest for independence.