Discuss the features of Jajmani system.

The Jajmani system is a traditional economic and social structure that has been prevalent in many rural parts of India. It is a reciprocal economic arrangement between different castes and occupational groups within a village community. Here are some of the features of the Jajmani system:

1. Occupational Hierarchy:
   The Jajmani system is based on a well-defined occupational hierarchy where different castes are associated with specific occupations. Each caste or occupational group performs a particular function, such as farming, blacksmithing, weaving, or other traditional occupations.

2. Interdependence:
   The system is characterized by interdependence, where each caste or occupational group depends on the services of others for their livelihood. For example, a farmer relies on the services of a potter, barber, or carpenter, and in turn, provides them with agricultural produce.

3. Reciprocal Arrangement:
   Jajmani involves a reciprocal exchange of goods and services. The families providing services (service castes) are known as "Kamin" or "Kaminwala," and those receiving services (service receivers) are known as "Jajman" or "Jajmanwala." The exchange is often non-monetary and is based on mutual obligations and trust.

4. Hereditary Nature:
   Occupations and the Jajmani relationships are often hereditary, passed down from one generation to the next within a family. The occupation is linked to one's caste, and individuals typically follow the occupation associated with their caste.

5. Social and Ritualistic Aspects:
   The Jajmani system is not just an economic arrangement; it also has social and ritualistic dimensions. There are often established rituals and ceremonies associated with the relationships between the Jajman and Kamin, emphasizing the social and cultural ties that bind them.

6. Customary Payments:
   While the exchange is not based on monetary transactions, there are customary payments or gifts made during festivals, ceremonies, or significant life events. These payments may include grains, food items, or other produce.

7. Stability and Order:
   The Jajmani system contributes to social stability and order within the rural community. It establishes a sense of social cohesion by maintaining a balance between different occupational groups. The interdependence ensures a smooth functioning of the community's economic activities.

8. Challenges and Changes:
   Over time, the Jajmani system has faced challenges and undergone changes due to modernization, urbanization, and shifts in occupational patterns. The younger generation may choose different occupations or move to urban areas for employment, leading to a gradual transformation of the traditional Jajmani relationships.

While the Jajmani system has been a notable feature of rural Indian society, it has also been critiqued for perpetuating caste-based divisions and limitations. As India undergoes socio-economic changes, traditional systems like Jajmani are gradually giving way to more modern and diverse forms of economic organization.