Discuss the relationship between Indian National Congress and the Indian capitalist class.

The relationship between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Indian capitalist class has been complex and multifaceted throughout India's struggle for independence. The INC, established in 1885, played a pivotal role in the anti-colonial movement and gradually evolved its stance on economic issues, including its relationship with the capitalist class.

Early Phase:
In its early years, the INC primarily represented the educated elite, comprising lawyers, professionals, and moderate political leaders. This elite class had some representation from the emerging Indian capitalist class, which was primarily involved in trade and commerce. However, during this phase, the INC's focus was largely on constitutional reforms and increased Indian representation in the administrative and legislative processes.

Shift Towards Economic Issues:
As the INC evolved, there was a growing recognition of the economic dimensions of India's struggle for independence. During the interwar period, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, the INC under leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose began incorporating economic issues into its agenda. This period saw an increased engagement with socialist and leftist ideas, leading to a shift in the INC's approach to economic matters.

Post-Independence Period:
After gaining independence in 1947, the relationship between the INC and the capitalist class became more pronounced. The Nehruvian economic policies adopted a mixed economy model that combined elements of socialism and capitalism. Nehru's vision included state-led industrialization, public sector enterprises, and planned development, but it also allowed for a significant private sector role. This approach aimed at harnessing the potential of the Indian capitalist class for economic growth while ensuring social justice and equity.

Liberalization in the 1990s:
In the 1990s, during the tenure of Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, the INC embraced economic liberalization and globalization. This period marked a departure from the earlier emphasis on a mixed economy, as India opened up its markets to foreign investment and pursued economic reforms. The INC-led government sought to integrate India into the global economy, attracting foreign capital and encouraging private sector participation.

In summary, the relationship between the Indian National Congress and the Indian capitalist class has undergone shifts over time. From representing the educated elite in its early years to adopting a mixed economy approach post-independence, and later embracing economic liberalization in the 1990s, the INC's engagement with economic issues has been dynamic. The party has sought to balance the interests of the capitalist class with the broader goals of economic development, social justice, and inclusive growth.