Distinguish between the Federation Council and the State Duma in the Russian Federation.

1. Introduction to the Russian Legislature

The Russian Federation, as a federal state, has a bicameral legislature composed of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma. Both chambers play distinct roles in the legislative process and represent different aspects of Russian governance.

2. Composition and Representation

The Federation Council, also known as the Upper House, consists of representatives from each of Russia's federal subjects. Each subject, including republics, regions, territories, and federal cities, sends two representatives to the Federation Council. These representatives often include the heads of regional governments or other high-ranking officials appointed by regional legislatures or executives.

In contrast, the State Duma, or Lower House, is composed of deputies elected through a mixed electoral system. Half of the deputies are elected through a proportional representation system based on party lists, while the other half are elected in single-member districts. This system ensures a balance between national party representation and local constituency interests.

3. Functions and Powers

The Federation Council serves primarily as a deliberative and consultative body, representing the interests of Russia's federal subjects at the federal level. It reviews and provides input on federal legislation, particularly those affecting regional interests or requiring coordination between federal and regional authorities. The Federation Council also confirms presidential appointments, ratifies international treaties, and can initiate constitutional amendments.

On the other hand, the State Duma is the primary legislative body responsible for drafting, debating, and passing federal laws. It has the authority to propose and amend legislation related to a wide range of issues, including taxation, budget, defense, and social policy. The State Duma also exercises oversight over the government and its agencies, holding them accountable through hearings, inquiries, and interpellations.

4. Role in the Legislative Process

While both chambers participate in the legislative process, they have distinct roles and procedures. Proposed legislation must pass through both chambers before becoming law. Typically, bills originate in the State Duma, where they undergo readings, debates, and committee review. Once approved by the State Duma, bills are sent to the Federation Council for consideration. The Federation Council can either approve the bill, propose amendments, or reject it outright. If amendments are proposed, the bill returns to the State Duma for further consideration. Once both chambers agree on the final version of the bill, it is sent to the president for signature or veto.

5. Relationship with the Executive

Both the Federation Council and the State Duma interact with the executive branch, particularly the president and the government. The Federation Council plays a role in the appointment process, confirming presidential appointments to key positions, such as judges, ministers, and regional governors. It also participates in impeachment proceedings against the president.

Similarly, the State Duma oversees the actions of the government, including the prime minister and cabinet ministers. It has the power to approve the government's program, budget, and major policy initiatives. The State Duma can express its lack of confidence in the government through a vote of no confidence, which, if successful, may lead to the government's resignation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Federation Council and the State Duma are integral components of the Russian legislative system, each with its distinct composition, functions, and powers. While the Federation Council represents regional interests and provides a forum for federal-subject participation, the State Duma serves as the primary legislative body responsible for enacting federal laws and overseeing the government. Together, they contribute to the checks and balances inherent in Russia's political system, ensuring representation and accountability at both the federal and regional levels.