Enumerate the fundamental concepts in Gandhian thought and practice.

Gandhian thought and practice are characterized by several fundamental concepts that underpin Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of life, social change, and political action. These concepts, rooted in Hinduism, Jainism, and other spiritual traditions, continue to inspire individuals and movements around the world seeking nonviolent solutions to conflicts and injustices. Here are some key concepts in Gandhian thought and practice:

1. Ahimsa (Non-violence):
   Ahimsa, or non-violence, is perhaps the central concept in Gandhian philosophy. Gandhi believed that non-violence is not simply the absence of physical violence but a positive force for social transformation and spiritual awakening. Ahimsa involves refraining from harm in thought, word, and deed, and actively seeking to promote peace, compassion, and understanding. Gandhi demonstrated the power of non-violence in various contexts, including the Indian independence movement, where he employed tactics such as non-cooperation, civil disobedience, and fasting to challenge British colonial rule.

2. Satyagraha (Truth Force):
   Satyagraha, or truth force, is a method of nonviolent resistance developed by Gandhi as a means of confronting injustice and oppression. Satyagraha involves holding firmly to truth and moral principles while engaging in nonviolent action to effect change. It emphasizes the power of moral persuasion, self-suffering, and willingness to endure hardship rather than resorting to violence or coercion. Through campaigns such as the Salt March and the Quit India Movement, Gandhi demonstrated the effectiveness of satyagraha in mobilizing mass participation and challenging unjust laws and policies.

3. Sarvodaya (Welfare of All):
   Sarvodaya, meaning the welfare of all, is a concept that reflects Gandhi's vision of a society based on social and economic justice, equality, and compassion. Sarvodaya emphasizes the importance of addressing the needs of the most marginalized and vulnerable members of society, including the poor, oppressed, and disadvantaged. Gandhi advocated for decentralized, community-based approaches to development that empower individuals and promote self-reliance and cooperation. He envisioned a society where wealth and resources are shared equitably, and every person has the opportunity to fulfill their potential.

4. Swaraj (Self-rule):
   Swaraj, or self-rule, is a key concept in Gandhian thought that encompasses both political independence and individual self-governance. Gandhi believed that true freedom can only be achieved through self-discipline, self-awareness, and self-control. Swaraj emphasizes the importance of moral and spiritual values in governance and calls for a decentralization of power and decision-making authority. Gandhi's concept of swaraj inspired the Indian independence movement and continues to resonate with advocates of grassroots democracy and participatory governance.

5. Trusteeship:
   Trusteeship is a concept introduced by Gandhi as a moral principle for managing wealth and resources in society. Gandhi rejected the notion of private ownership and accumulation of wealth for personal gain, advocating instead for a system of trusteeship where individuals hold their possessions as trustees for the benefit of society as a whole. Trusteeship involves using wealth and resources responsibly and ethically, ensuring that they are used for the common good and not hoarded or exploited for selfish purposes.

6. Swadeshi (Self-reliance):
   Swadeshi, meaning self-reliance or economic independence, is a concept that emphasizes the importance of promoting local industries, crafts, and traditions. Gandhi believed that economic self-sufficiency is essential for preserving cultural identity, fostering community solidarity, and reducing dependence on foreign goods and markets. Swadeshi encourages individuals and communities to support locally produced goods and services, promote sustainable livelihoods, and practice frugality and simplicity in consumption.

These fundamental concepts in Gandhian thought and practice reflect Gandhi's deep commitment to truth, non-violence, social justice, and spiritual values. They continue to inspire individuals and movements seeking alternatives to violence, oppression, and exploitation, and offer valuable insights into the principles and practices of ethical leadership, social change, and human flourishing.