Explain Arch and dome.
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Arch:
An arch is a structural element that spans an opening and supports the weight above it. It typically consists of a curved form, with the two ends, called abutments, supporting the load and transferring it to the ground. Arches distribute the force of gravity and external loads outward along the curve, making them effective in providing stability and strength to various architectural structures. Arches have been used since ancient times and are prominent in various architectural styles, including Roman, Gothic, and Islamic architecture.
Dome:
A dome is a hemispherical or partially spherical structural element that covers a space, resembling an upside-down bowl. It is an architectural feature that provides a strong and stable enclosure over a circular or polygonal base. Domes distribute weight evenly, allowing for large, open interiors without the need for additional supports. The construction of domes involves layering materials in a progressively smaller and overlapping fashion, creating a self-supporting structure. Domes have been used in various civilizations, with notable examples including the Pantheon in Rome and the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. They are appreciated for their aesthetic appeal, architectural innovation, and functional use in creating grand and spacious interiors.