Explain different quality parameters in electrical power supply.
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Explain different quality parameters in electrical power supply.
Electrical power supply quality refers to the degree to which the voltage, frequency, and waveform of the electricity provided by the utility or generated on-site meet the requirements of electrical equipment. Several parameters define power quality:
Voltage Variation: This parameter measures deviations in voltage levels from nominal values. Voltage sags, swells, spikes, and interruptions can adversely affect equipment performance and lifespan.
Frequency Variation: The frequency of alternating current (AC) power should ideally remain stable at the rated frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Frequency variations can disrupt the operation of timing-sensitive equipment like clocks and motors.
Harmonic Distortion: Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency present in the waveform. Excessive harmonic distortion can cause overheating in equipment, reduce efficiency, and lead to premature failure.
Voltage Unbalance: Voltage unbalance occurs when there are disparities in the magnitude or phase angle of the voltage in a three-phase system. Unbalanced voltages can lead to uneven distribution of power and increased heating in motors.
Transient Voltage: Transients are short-duration voltage spikes or impulses caused by events like lightning strikes or switching operations. They can damage sensitive electronics and disrupt operations.
Power Factor: Power factor is the ratio of real power (used by equipment) to apparent power (total power drawn from the source). Low power factor increases the load on the power distribution system and reduces overall efficiency.
Voltage Flicker: Voltage flicker refers to rapid voltage fluctuations typically caused by large loads switching on and off. It can be annoying and detrimental to the performance of sensitive equipment like lighting systems.
Ensuring high power quality is crucial for the reliable and efficient operation of electrical equipment and systems. Power quality monitoring, voltage regulation, harmonic filtering, and proper grounding and shielding techniques are some measures employed to maintain acceptable power quality levels. Compliance with international standards such as IEEE 519 and EN 50160 helps ensure consistency and reliability in power quality management.