Explain Disinfection Process at household level.

Disinfection at the household level involves the treatment of water to remove or inactivate harmful microorganisms, pathogens, and disease-causing bacteria, making it safe for drinking, cooking, and other domestic uses. While many households receive treated water from public water supply systems, some may rely on untreated or contaminated water sources, such as wells, springs, or rainwater tanks, where disinfection is necessary to ensure water quality and prevent waterborne diseases.

One common method of household water disinfection is through the use of chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or iodine. These disinfectants are added to the water in precise doses to kill or deactivate microorganisms and pathogens present in the water. Chlorine, for example, works by oxidizing and disrupting the cellular structures of bacteria and viruses, rendering them harmless.

Another method of household water disinfection is through boiling. Boiling water at a rolling boil for at least one minute (or three minutes at higher altitudes) can effectively kill most bacteria, viruses, and parasites present in the water. Boiling is a simple and reliable method of disinfection, although it may not remove chemical contaminants or toxins from the water.

Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is also becoming increasingly popular for household water treatment. UV light is used to penetrate and disrupt the DNA of microorganisms, preventing them from reproducing and causing infection. UV disinfection systems are typically installed at the point of use, such as under the kitchen sink or at the faucet, and require periodic maintenance to ensure proper operation.

Filtration is another important component of household water treatment, although it primarily removes particulate matter, sediment, and debris rather than disinfecting the water. However, combined with disinfection methods such as chlorine or UV treatment, filtration can provide comprehensive water purification and improve overall water quality.

It is important for households to select an appropriate water disinfection method based on water quality, available resources, and specific treatment needs. Regular monitoring of water quality and disinfection effectiveness is also essential to ensure the safety and reliability of household drinking water.