Explain Edward Azar’s Theory of Protracted Social Conflict.

Edward Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict, introduced in the 1980s, focuses on understanding the complexities of conflicts that endure over an extended period, often involving deeply rooted societal issues. This theory departs from conventional approaches that primarily address interstate conflicts and instead examines the dynamics of conflicts within states, emphasizing the internal dimensions of protracted social conflicts.

Key Elements of Azar's Theory:

1. Structural Sources of Conflict: Azar identifies structural factors as the root causes of protracted social conflicts. These structural sources include economic disparities, social inequalities, political marginalization, and cultural or identity-based grievances within a society.

2. Dynamic Interactions: Azar emphasizes the dynamic interactions among various actors, both state and non-state, as central to the perpetuation of protracted conflicts. The interplay between these actors shapes the course of the conflict and its potential resolution.

3. Crisis of Governance: The theory highlights the breakdown or dysfunctionality of governance structures as a significant factor contributing to protracted conflicts. Weak or ineffective governance can lead to the exacerbation of existing tensions and hinder the resolution of underlying issues.

4. Identity and Group Mobilization: Azar places importance on identity-related factors, such as ethnicity, religion, or cultural affiliations, in protracted conflicts. Group mobilization based on identity often intensifies the conflict, as individuals align with their respective communities, further polarizing the societal landscape.

5. External Actors and Influences: Azar recognizes the role of external actors, including neighboring states, international organizations, and transnational entities, in protracted social conflicts. External interventions can either exacerbate or mitigate the conflict, depending on the nature of their involvement.

6. Interactive Structure: Azar introduces the concept of the "interactive structure" to illustrate the interconnectedness of various elements contributing to protracted social conflicts. The interactive structure emphasizes the interdependence and feedback loops among economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions of the conflict.

7. Transformative Approach: Azar advocates for a transformative approach to conflict resolution that addresses the underlying structural issues rather than merely managing surface-level symptoms. He emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies that encompass economic, political, and social transformations to achieve sustainable peace.

Edward Azar's Theory of Protracted Social Conflict provides a framework for understanding the complexities of conflicts deeply ingrained in societal structures. By focusing on internal dynamics, identity-based factors, and the interplay among various elements, the theory offers insights into the persistent nature of certain conflicts and the challenges involved in their resolution. This perspective has been influential in shaping approaches to conflict resolution and peacebuilding, particularly in situations characterized by prolonged and deeply rooted social tensions.