Explain Gandhi’s approach towards caste and racial equality.

Gandhi's approach towards caste and racial equality was grounded in his commitment to truth, non-violence, and the principles of justice and human dignity. While his views evolved over time, and some aspects of his approach may be viewed critically, he played a significant role in challenging discriminatory practices and advocating for equality.

Caste Equality:

1. Critique of Untouchability:
   Gandhi vehemently criticized the practice of untouchability within the Hindu caste system. He referred to untouchables as Harijans, meaning "Children of God," seeking to uplift their status and challenge social prejudices. He advocated for their inclusion in all aspects of social life and worked towards eradicating untouchability through education and social reform.

2. Emphasis on Varnashram Dharma:
   Gandhi endorsed the concept of Varnashram Dharma, the traditional division of society into varnas or castes. However, he interpreted it in a way that emphasized the interdependence of different castes rather than hierarchical segregation. He aimed for a more harmonious and egalitarian interpretation of caste roles.

3. Constructive Work and Social Harmony:
   Through his Constructive Programme, Gandhi encouraged activities that promoted social harmony and equality. He emphasized the importance of communal living, where people from different castes worked together for the common good, fostering a sense of unity and shared responsibility.

Racial Equality:

1. Anti-Racial Discrimination:
   Gandhi strongly opposed racial discrimination, particularly during his time in South Africa, where he faced racial prejudices firsthand. He fought against discriminatory laws and policies, promoting the idea that all individuals, regardless of their racial background, deserved equal rights and dignity.

2. Non-Cooperation Against Racial Injustice:
   Gandhi's campaigns in South Africa and India included non-cooperation against racial injustice. His philosophy of non-violent resistance was a powerful tool against racial discrimination, inspiring movements for civil rights around the world.

3. International Solidarity:
   Gandhi expressed solidarity with other struggles for racial equality globally. He corresponded with African-American leaders like W.E.B. Du Bois and supported movements against colonialism and racism, recognizing the interconnectedness of these struggles.

While Gandhi's efforts towards caste and racial equality were groundbreaking for his time, his views and methods have been subject to criticism. Some argue that his approach towards caste was not radical enough, and his views on racial issues evolved over time. Nonetheless, Gandhi's influence on movements for social justice and equality remains significant, and his commitment to fighting discrimination left a lasting impact on the trajectory of human rights and social reform.