Explain Indian Space Research Organisation.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the national space agency of India, responsible for the country's space research and exploration endeavors. Established in 1969, ISRO has emerged as a leading space agency globally, achieving numerous milestones in space technology, satellite development, and space exploration.

Key Aspects of ISRO:

1. Mission and Objectives:
   ISRO's primary mission is to harness space technology for national development and to conduct space research for peaceful purposes. Its objectives include satellite communication, Earth observation, satellite navigation, and space exploration.

2. Satellite Launch Capabilities:
   ISRO has developed a robust launch vehicle program, notably the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). These launch vehicles have successfully placed a variety of satellites into orbit, showcasing India's self-reliance in space access.

3. Satellite Development:
   ISRO has achieved significant success in designing and launching satellites for various purposes. These include communication satellites (INSAT/GSAT series), Earth observation satellites (IRS series), navigation satellites (NavIC), and space science missions.

4. Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan):
   In 2013, ISRO made global headlines with the successful launch of Mangalyaan, India's first interplanetary mission to Mars. ISRO became the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

5. Chandrayaan Missions:
   ISRO's Chandrayaan missions aim to explore the Moon. Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, made significant discoveries, including confirming the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, furthered India's lunar exploration goals.

6. International Collaboration:
   ISRO actively engages in international collaborations, contributing to various space projects and initiatives. The organization has launched satellites for numerous countries and participated in joint missions with global space agencies.

7. Space Applications:
   ISRO's space applications extend beyond space exploration. The organization has played a crucial role in implementing satellite-based services for telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, disaster management, and agricultural monitoring.

8. Affordable Space Missions:
   ISRO is known for its cost-effective approach to space missions. By optimizing resources, adopting frugal engineering practices, and focusing on in-house development, ISRO has achieved remarkable success within constrained budgets.

9. Future Initiatives:
   ISRO continues to advance its capabilities with ambitious future projects, including the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission, Aditya-L1 mission to study the Sun, and the Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission.

ISRO's commitment to space exploration and its contributions to socio-economic development have positioned India as a significant player in the global space arena. With a focus on innovation, self-reliance, and international collaboration, ISRO continues to push the boundaries of space exploration and technology for the benefit of humanity.