Explain Operant conditioning.
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Operant conditioning, proposed by B.F. Skinner, is a learning process that involves modifying behavior through consequences. It relies on the association between behavior and its consequences, either reinforcement or punishment. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a reward, while negative reinforcement strengthens it by removing an aversive stimulus. Positive punishment involves adding an unpleasant consequence to deter behavior, and negative punishment entails removing a desirable stimulus. Operant conditioning plays a significant role in shaping voluntary behaviors and is widely applied in areas like education, parenting, and behavioral therapy.