Explain Salient Features of the Indian Constitution.

The Indian Constitution, adopted on January 26, 1950, is a comprehensive document that lays down the framework for governance in India. It embodies the aspirations of the Indian freedom struggle and reflects a commitment to democracy, social justice, and fundamental rights. Here are the salient features of the Indian Constitution:

1. Lengthy and Detailed Preamble:
   The Constitution begins with a preamble that outlines the ideals and objectives of the Indian state, including justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

2. Federal System with Unitary Bias:
   India has a federal system of government where powers are divided between the central government and state governments. However, the Constitution also exhibits a unitary bias during emergencies.

3. Parliamentary System of Government:
   The Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of government at the center and in the states, with a President as the ceremonial head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government.

4. Fundamental Rights:
   The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, right to life and personal liberty, and freedom of religion.

5. Directive Principles of State Policy:
   The Constitution includes Directive Principles of State Policy which provide guidelines for the government to promote social and economic justice and welfare of the people.

6. Independent Judiciary:
   The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary with the Supreme Court as the apex court and High Courts in each state, tasked with upholding the rule of law and protecting fundamental rights.

7. Universal Adult Franchise:
   The Constitution grants universal adult suffrage, ensuring every citizen above the age of 18 has the right to vote in elections.

8. Separation of Powers:
   The Constitution ensures a separation of powers among the executive, legislature, and judiciary to prevent concentration of power and maintain checks and balances.

9. Single Citizenship:
   Unlike some federal systems, India follows a system of single citizenship, where every citizen is a citizen of India and enjoys equal rights and privileges across the country.

10. Amendment Procedures:
    The Constitution provides for a detailed procedure to amend its provisions, allowing for flexibility and adaptation to changing circumstances while also safeguarding its basic structure.

These salient features reflect the democratic and inclusive ethos of the Indian Constitution, which has evolved over time through amendments and judicial interpretations to address the needs and aspirations of a diverse and dynamic society.