Explain the functions and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Functions and Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India:

1. Adjudication of Disputes:**

The primary function of the Supreme Court is to act as the apex court for the resolution of legal disputes. It has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction. In original jurisdiction, the Supreme Court can hear certain types of cases directly, while in appellate jurisdiction, it hears appeals from lower courts. Additionally, the President can seek advisory opinions from the Supreme Court on matters of public importance.

2. Guardian of the Constitution:**

The Supreme Court is the ultimate guardian of the Constitution. It ensures the supremacy of the Constitution by interpreting its provisions and deciding on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. The power of judicial review allows the court to strike down laws or executive actions that violate the constitutional framework.

3. Protector of Fundamental Rights:**

One of the crucial roles of the Supreme Court is to safeguard fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Individuals can directly approach the Supreme Court if they believe their fundamental rights are violated. The court's activism in protecting these rights contributes to the preservation of democratic values and social justice.

4. Appellate Jurisdiction:**

The Supreme Court serves as the highest court of appeal. Individuals or entities dissatisfied with decisions of lower courts, including High Courts, can approach the Supreme Court. It exercises appellate jurisdiction over civil, criminal, and constitutional matters, ensuring uniformity and consistency in legal interpretation across the country.

5. Interpretation of Laws:**

The Supreme Court plays a pivotal role in interpreting laws and statutes. It clarifies legal provisions, resolves ambiguities, and sets legal precedents that guide lower courts. The court's interpretations contribute to the development of jurisprudence and legal principles.

6. Constitutional Interpretation:**

In addition to interpreting laws, the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution itself. It provides authoritative interpretations of constitutional provisions, including the separation of powers, federalism, and the distribution of powers between the center and states. This ensures the proper functioning of the constitutional framework.

7. Writ Jurisdiction:**

The Supreme Court has the power to issue writs, including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari. These writs are instruments for the protection of fundamental rights and serve as a means for the court to ensure justice and prevent abuse of power.

8. Advisory Jurisdiction:**

The President of India can seek the Supreme Court's advisory opinion on matters of public importance or legal significance. Although the court's opinion is not binding, it serves as valuable guidance for the executive.

9. Public Interest Litigation (PIL):**

The Supreme Court has been proactive in entertaining Public Interest Litigations (PILs). Through PILs, the court addresses issues affecting the public interest, even if the petition is filed by a third party not directly affected by the matter. This mechanism enhances access to justice and allows the court to address systemic issues.

10. Contempt Jurisdiction:**

The Supreme Court has the authority to punish for contempt of court. This power ensures that the dignity and authority of the court are maintained, and individuals do not undermine the administration of justice.

In summary, the Supreme Court of India serves as the final arbiter in legal disputes, interprets the Constitution and laws, protects fundamental rights, and plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law. Its broad jurisdiction and diverse functions make it a cornerstone of the Indian judicial system, contributing to the nation's legal and constitutional development.