Explain The July Revolution in France.

The July Revolution in France occurred in 1830 and led to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy, paving the way for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the "July Monarchy" of Louis-Philippe. The revolution was triggered by a combination of political, social, and economic factors.

Initially sparked by the July Ordinances issued by King Charles X, which restricted civil liberties and altered the electoral system in favor of conservative forces, the people of Paris took to the streets in protest. The July Revolution culminated in three days of intense street fighting known as the "Three Glorious Days" (July 27–29, 1830).

The revolutionaries, consisting of a broad coalition of liberals, republicans, and workers, erected barricades in the streets of Paris and clashed with royalist forces. The conflict resulted in numerous casualties and forced Charles X to abdicate in favor of his grandson, Henry, but the Chamber of Deputies rejected this succession.

In the aftermath, the Chamber declared Louis-Philippe, the Duke of Orleans, as the "King of the French." However, his rule was more liberal than that of his Bourbon predecessors. The July Revolution marked a shift towards constitutional monarchy in France, reflecting the aspirations for greater political freedoms and a more representative government.