Explain the main features of Mauryan art.

Introduction:
Mauryan art, flourishing during the Maurya Dynasty (c. 322 BCE – 185 BCE), represents a significant phase in the history of Indian art and architecture. The Mauryan Empire, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya and later Ashoka, witnessed the development of distinct artistic styles with features that reflect the socio-cultural and political milieu of the time.

1. Pillars and Edicts:**
One of the most iconic features of Mauryan art is the erection of monumental pillars, exemplified by the famous Ashoka Pillars. These pillars, made of polished sandstone, were adorned with intricately carved animal capitals, including lions, elephants, and bulls. Inscriptions on these pillars, known as the Edicts of Ashoka, convey the emperor's principles of governance, moral precepts, and commitment to non-violence.

2. The Lion Capital:**
The Lion Capital of Ashoka, originally erected atop an Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath, is a masterpiece of Mauryan art. The capital features four lions standing back to back, symbolizing the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. This iconic sculpture, now adopted as the national emblem of India, showcases the artistic excellence and symbolic richness of Mauryan art.

3. Rock-Cut Architecture:**
Mauryan art is also characterized by the development of rock-cut architecture. The Barabar Caves in Bihar, attributed to Ashoka, represent early examples of rock-cut architecture. These caves feature intricately carved interiors and inscriptions, revealing the Mauryan fascination with creating monumental structures from solid rock.

4. Stupas:**
Stupas, or hemispherical mounds often containing relics or important religious objects, gained prominence during the Mauryan period. The construction of stupas marked a significant shift towards Buddhist architectural endeavors. The most famous stupa is the Great Stupa at Sanchi, commissioned by Ashoka, adorned with intricate carvings and a torana (gateway) featuring elaborate sculptures.

5. Palaces and Cities:**
While little physical evidence of Mauryan palaces remains, descriptions in ancient texts suggest the presence of grand royal residences. The city of Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) was a hub of Mauryan architecture, featuring impressive structures and urban planning. Archaeological excavations have revealed the foundations of structures and evidence of advanced urban infrastructure.

6. Yakshi Figures:**
Mauryan art also incorporated the representation of Yakshi figures, celestial nymphs or female deities associated with fertility. These figures, often depicted in a standing pose, showcase a blend of indigenous artistic styles with influences from Persian and Greek art.

7. Polished Stone Sculptures:**
Mauryan sculptures, particularly those found at Sanchi and Bharhut, exhibit a preference for polished stone surfaces. The artistry in these sculptures is evident in the smooth, lustrous finish achieved through skilled craftsmanship. The sculptures depict a variety of themes, including scenes from the life of Buddha, Jataka tales, and mythical motifs.

Conclusion:
Mauryan art, with its distinctive features, reflects the dynamic cultural and religious landscape of ancient India during the Mauryan Empire. The monumental pillars and edicts, the iconic Lion Capital, rock-cut architecture, stupas, palaces, and the incorporation of Yakshi figures collectively contribute to the richness and diversity of Mauryan artistic expression. This artistic legacy laid the foundation for subsequent periods in Indian art and architecture, influencing the trajectory of artistic developments in the subcontinent.