Explain the structure of the Indian Judiciary and different courts.

The Indian Judiciary is a hierarchical system with a three-tier structure, consisting of the Supreme Court at the apex, High Courts at the state level, and subordinate or lower courts. Here's a brief overview of the structure:

1. Supreme Court of India:

   • The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in India. It is located in New Delhi and serves as the final court of appeal. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in certain cases and appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the High Courts and other tribunals. It plays a crucial role in interpreting the Constitution and ensuring the uniform application of laws.

2. High Courts:

   • Each state in India has its own High Court, except for some smaller states and union territories that share a High Court. High Courts have jurisdiction over their respective states or union territories. They function as appellate courts, hearing appeals from subordinate courts and tribunals within their jurisdiction. High Courts also have original jurisdiction in certain matters.

3. Subordinate or Lower Courts:

   • Below the High Courts, there is a hierarchy of subordinate or lower courts. These include:
     • District Courts: Each district in the country has a District Court. District Courts are the principal trial courts for both civil and criminal cases within their jurisdiction.
     • Sessions Courts: Sessions Courts are located in important district headquarters and handle more serious criminal cases. A Sessions Judge presides over these courts.
     • Magistrate Courts: Magistrate Courts deal with less serious criminal cases and civil cases of a lower pecuniary value. Magistrates preside over these courts.

The judiciary in India also includes specialized courts and tribunals to handle specific types of cases. For example:

• Family Courts: Handle matters related to family disputes and domestic issues.
• Labor Courts and Industrial Tribunals: Deal with labor disputes and industrial matters.
• Tribunals: Specialized bodies set up to adjudicate on specific matters, such as the National Green Tribunal (NGT) for environmental issues.

The Indian Judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law, protecting constitutional rights, and ensuring justice for all citizens. The three-tier structure is designed to handle cases at various levels, providing access to justice across the diverse legal needs of the population.