Explain the Sutherland’s differential association theory.

1. Introduction:
Edwin H. Sutherland's Differential Association Theory is a pioneering criminological concept that seeks to explain the development of criminal behavior through social learning. Proposed in the 1930s, this theory challenged traditional notions of criminality by emphasizing the role of social interactions and associations in shaping an individual's propensity for criminal activities.

2. Core Principles of Differential Association Theory:

• Social Learning:

  • Definition: Differential Association Theory posits that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others in social environments.
  • Principle: Criminal behavior is not inherent; instead, individuals acquire it through exposure to criminal values, norms, and techniques.

• Primary Social Groups:

  • Definition: Sutherland argued that primary social groups, such as family and peers, play a crucial role in the transmission of criminal behavior.
  • Principle: Individuals are more likely to engage in criminal activities if they associate with others who exhibit and reinforce criminal behaviors.

• Definitions and Techniques:

  • Definition: Sutherland introduced the concept of "definitions" to explain the meanings attached to behaviors.
  • Principle: Individuals learn both favorable and unfavorable definitions of criminal behavior, and the balance of these definitions influences their likelihood of engaging in criminal acts. Additionally, individuals acquire specific techniques for committing crimes.

• Frequency and Intensity:

  • Definition: Sutherland highlighted the importance of the frequency and intensity of interactions with criminal influences.
  • Principle: The more frequent and intense the exposure to pro-criminal influences, the higher the likelihood of adopting criminal behaviors.

• Criminality as a Social Process:

  • Definition: Sutherland rejected biological and psychological explanations for criminality, emphasizing the social process.
  • Principle: Criminal behavior is a learned social behavior, and criminality is a result of exposure to specific social conditions rather than inherent traits.

3. Differential Association and Criminal Subcultures:

• Definition of Subcultures:

  • Concept: Sutherland's theory acknowledges the existence of criminal subcultures within society.
  • Principle: Subcultures develop their own definitions of appropriate and deviant behavior, contributing to the transmission of criminal values within specific social groups.

• Subculture Influence on Definitions:

  • Concept: Individuals within criminal subcultures develop unique definitions and justifications for criminal activities.
  • Principle: The subculture's influence intensifies the learning of criminal techniques and rationalizations, increasing the likelihood of criminal behavior within that group.

4. Criticisms and Developments:

• Limited Attention to Individual Differences:

  • Criticism: Some critics argue that the theory overlooks individual differences in the learning process.
  • Development: Subsequent adaptations of the theory, such as Akers' Social Learning Theory, incorporate individual differences and cognitive processes into the explanation of criminal behavior.

• Empirical Challenges:

  • Criticism: Critics have noted challenges in empirically testing and validating the theory.
  • Development: Despite challenges, researchers have conducted numerous studies supporting the core principles of Differential Association, contributing to its continued relevance.

5. Contemporary Relevance:

• Influence on Criminology:
  • Legacy: Differential Association Theory has had a lasting impact on criminology, influencing subsequent theories and research.
  • Relevance: The emphasis on social learning, the role of associations, and the influence of subcultures remains pertinent in understanding criminal behavior in contemporary society.

6. Conclusion:
Edwin H. Sutherland's Differential Association Theory has been instrumental in shaping criminological thought by highlighting the social roots of criminal behavior. Its emphasis on social learning, associations, and subcultures has paved the way for further research, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the complex factors influencing criminality. While not without its criticisms, the enduring legacy of Differential Association Theory underscores its significance in the ongoing discourse on the origins of criminal behavior.