Explain the systems of Shadarshan.

1. Overview of Shadarshan

Shadarshan, which translates to "six philosophies" in Sanskrit, refers to the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy that emerged in ancient India. These philosophical systems are foundational to Hindu thought and provide different perspectives on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Each school offers unique insights into the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human life.

2. Nyaya Philosophy

Nyaya, often referred to as the "science of logic," is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. Founded by sage Gautama, Nyaya focuses on logical reasoning and critical thinking as the means to attain valid knowledge (pramana). It emphasizes the importance of inference (anumana), perception (pratyaksha), and testimony (shabda) as sources of knowledge. Nyaya philosophers analyze propositions and arguments to arrive at valid conclusions about the nature of reality.

3. Vaisheshika Philosophy

Vaisheshika, attributed to the sage Kanada, is a school of Hindu philosophy that explores the nature of reality through the lens of atoms (anu) and their combinations. It proposes a theory of atomism wherein all objects in the universe are composed of distinct atomic elements. Vaisheshika philosophy categorizes the universe into six fundamental substances: earth, water, fire, air, ether, and soul. It also discusses the principles of causation, substance, and quality.

4. Samkhya Philosophy

Samkhya, attributed to sage Kapila, is a dualistic school of Hindu philosophy that delineates between the eternal purusha (consciousness) and the transient prakriti (matter). It posits that the universe is created through the interaction of these two fundamental principles. Samkhya philosophy elucidates the process of liberation (moksha) as the discernment of purusha from prakriti through self-realization and transcendence of material bondage.

5. Yoga Philosophy

Yoga, as expounded by sage Patanjali, is a philosophical system that emphasizes spiritual practice as the means to attain self-realization and liberation. It outlines a systematic path comprising ethical disciplines (yamas and niyamas), physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), sensory withdrawal (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and absorption (samadhi). Yoga philosophy aims to unite the individual consciousness with the universal consciousness.

6. Mimamsa Philosophy

Mimamsa, founded by sage Jaimini, is a school of Hindu philosophy that focuses on the interpretation of the Vedas and the performance of Vedic rituals. It asserts the authority of the Vedas as eternal and infallible scriptures and delineates principles for the correct interpretation of Vedic texts. Mimamsa philosophy emphasizes the efficacy of rituals (karma-kanda) in attaining desired ends and upholding the moral and social order.

7. Vedanta Philosophy

Vedanta, also known as Uttara Mimamsa, is a philosophical system that interprets the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras to expound the ultimate reality (Brahman) and the individual self (Atman). Vedanta philosophy asserts the non-dualistic nature of reality, wherein Brahman, the absolute consciousness, is the underlying substratum of the universe, and Atman, the individual self, is identical to Brahman. It elucidates the path of knowledge (jnana) and devotion (bhakti) as the means to realize the unity of Brahman and Atman and attain liberation (moksha).

Conclusion

Shadarshan encompasses six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, each offering distinct perspectives on the nature of reality, knowledge, and liberation. These philosophical systems have played a crucial role in shaping Hindu thought and spirituality, providing seekers with diverse paths to understand the ultimate truth and attain spiritual enlightenment.