Explain UNFCCC.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty adopted in 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the primary objective of addressing global climate change and its impacts. The UNFCCC serves as the cornerstone of international efforts to combat climate change and provides a framework for multilateral cooperation and action to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Key features of the UNFCCC include:

1. Objective: The main objective of the UNFCCC is to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. It recognizes that climate change is a common concern of humankind and requires a global response based on equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities.

2. Parties: The UNFCCC has 197 parties, including 196 countries and the European Union, making it one of the most widely ratified treaties in history. Parties to the convention meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to review progress, negotiate agreements, and coordinate international climate action.

3. Principles: The UNFCCC is guided by several fundamental principles, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, equity and justice, precautionary approach, and sustainable development. These principles provide the basis for fair and effective climate action that considers the varying responsibilities and capacities of countries.

4. Commitments: Under the UNFCCC, developed countries (Annex I parties) have specific obligations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and provide financial and technological support to developing countries (Non-Annex I parties) to assist them in mitigating and adapting to climate change. Developing countries are encouraged to take voluntary actions to address climate change, with support from the international community.

5. Institutional Framework: The UNFCCC establishes various institutional bodies, including the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), and the Secretariat, to facilitate the implementation of the convention, support negotiations, and provide technical and administrative support to parties.

Overall, the UNFCCC provides the overarching framework for international cooperation on climate change, guiding efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance climate resilience, and promote sustainable development worldwide. Through its inclusive and participatory approach, the UNFCCC fosters collaboration among governments, stakeholders, and civil society to address one of the most pressing challenges of our time and safeguard the planet for current and future generations.