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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty adopted in 1992 with the goal of addressing global climate change. It serves as the primary international framework for negotiating and coordinating efforts to combat climate change at the global level.
The UNFCCC was established in response to growing concerns about the impacts of human activities on the Earth's climate system. Its ultimate objective is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Key components of the UNFCCC include:
Parties: The UNFCCC has nearly 200 member countries, known as Parties, who are signatories to the treaty. Each Party commits to taking action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts, based on their respective capabilities and responsibilities.
Conference of the Parties (COP): The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the UNFCCC, where Parties meet annually to assess progress, negotiate agreements, and make decisions on climate-related issues. The COP meetings provide a platform for Parties to discuss and negotiate international climate policies, agreements, and actions.
Secretariat: The UNFCCC Secretariat, based in Bonn, Germany, provides administrative support to the Convention and facilitates the implementation of its decisions. It assists Parties in preparing for COP meetings, coordinates reporting and review processes, and supports capacity-building efforts.
Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 as an annex to the UNFCCC, established legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries (Annex I Parties) for the period 2008-2012. It introduced market-based mechanisms such as emissions trading and clean development mechanisms to facilitate compliance with emission reduction targets.
Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015 under the UNFCCC, is a landmark international treaty aimed at strengthening global climate action. It sets the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Paris Agreement includes nationally determined contributions (NDCs) through which each Party outlines its climate action plan and commits to enhancing its ambition over time.
Overall, the UNFCCC provides a crucial framework for international cooperation on climate change, facilitating dialogue, negotiation, and collective action to address one of the most pressing challenges of our time.