Give an account of the main characteristics of Sanskrit literature.

Sanskrit literature, spanning over several millennia, is one of the oldest literary traditions in the world. It encompasses a vast and diverse body of texts, showcasing a rich cultural, philosophical, and linguistic heritage. Here are the main characteristics of Sanskrit literature:

1. Ancient Origins:**
Sanskrit literature has ancient roots, with the earliest known texts dating back to the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE). The Vedas, comprising hymns and rituals, form the foundational texts of Sanskrit literature. The subsequent periods, including the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, laid the groundwork for philosophical and spiritual exploration.

2. Classical Epics:**
Two monumental epics, the "Mahabharata" and the "Ramayana," are central to Sanskrit literature. The "Mahabharata," attributed to Vyasa, is an epic narrative that includes the Bhagavad Gita, a philosophical discourse. The "Ramayana," authored by Valmiki, narrates the life of Lord Rama and embodies moral and ethical teachings.

3. Diversity of Genres:**
Sanskrit literature encompasses a wide array of genres, including poetry (kavya), drama (nataka), prose (gadya), and scientific treatises. Each genre reflects the cultural, social, and intellectual milieu of its time. The lyrical beauty of Sanskrit poetry is evident in works like Kalidasa's "Meghaduta" and "Shakuntala."

4. Sanskrit Dramas:**
Classical Sanskrit drama reached its zenith with works like Kalidasa's "Abhijnanasakuntalam" and Bhasa's plays. The Natya Shastra, attributed to Bharata Muni, serves as a comprehensive treatise on dramaturgy, providing guidelines for various aspects of classical Indian theatre.

5. Philosophical Texts:**
Sanskrit literature is renowned for its profound philosophical texts. The Upanishads delve into metaphysical and spiritual inquiries, while the Brahma Sutras and the commentaries of philosophers like Shankaracharya, Ramanujacharya, and Madhavacharya expound upon Vedantic and theological thought.

6. Scientific and Technical Treatises:**
Sanskrit literature is not limited to the humanities; it also includes scientific and technical treatises. The "Sushruta Samhita" and the "Charaka Samhita" are ancient texts on Ayurveda, while works like Aryabhata's "Aryabhatiya" contribute to astronomy and mathematics.

7. Pan-Indian Influence:**
Sanskrit served as a unifying language across the Indian subcontinent, facilitating the exchange of ideas and cultural expression. The influence of Sanskrit literature extended to various regional languages and traditions, fostering a shared cultural heritage.

8. Versatility of Expression:**
The Sanskrit language, with its intricate grammar and rich vocabulary, allowed for unparalleled versatility of expression. Poets and writers employed sophisticated meters, intricate wordplay, and nuanced metaphors to convey complex ideas with aesthetic beauty.

9. Cultural and Moral Values:**
Sanskrit literature is imbued with moral and ethical teachings, reflecting the cultural values of ancient India. The concept of dharma (righteous duty) is a recurring theme, emphasizing ethical conduct and the pursuit of a virtuous life.

10. Continuity and Revival:**
Despite shifts in political and cultural landscapes, Sanskrit literature has exhibited remarkable continuity. Efforts to preserve and revive the language and its literary traditions persist, ensuring that Sanskrit texts continue to be studied and appreciated in contemporary times.

In summary, Sanskrit literature is characterized by its ancient origins, diversity of genres, philosophical depth, scientific contributions, and pan-Indian influence. Its enduring legacy lies in its ability to capture the complexities of human experience, explore profound philosophical inquiries, and serve as a repository of cultural, moral, and intellectual values.